Lecture
Deviant behavior, understood as a violation of social norms, has become widespread in recent years and has placed this problem at the center of attention of social educators and psychologists, physicians, and law enforcement officers.
Explain the causes, conditions and factors that determine this social phenomenon has become an urgent task. Its consideration involves finding answers to a number of fundamental questions, including questions about the nature of the category “norm” (social norm) and about deviations from it. In a stably functioning and steadily developing society, the answer to this question is more or less clear. Social norm is a necessary and relatively stable element of social practice that plays the role of an instrument of social regulation and control. The social norm, according to Ya.I. Gilinsky, - defines the historical limit in a particular society, the measure of the interval of permissible (permissible or mandatory) behavior, the activities of people, social groups, social organizations.
Social norm finds its embodiment (support) in laws, traditions, customs, i.e. in all that has become a habit, it has become firmly established in life, in the way of life of the majority of the population, supported by public opinion, playing the role of a “natural regulator” of social and interpersonal relations.
But in a reformed society, where some norms are destroyed and even others are not created at the level of theory, the problem of forming, interpreting and applying the norm becomes extremely difficult.
Of course, Russian society cannot remain in this position for long. The deviant behavior of a significant mass of the population today embodies the most dangerous destructive trends for the country.
The dynamism of social processes, the crisis situation in many spheres of public life inevitably leads to an increase in deviations, manifested in behavioral forms that deviate from the norms. Along with the growth of positive deviations (political activity of the population, economic enterprise, scientific and artistic creativity), negative deviations increase - violent and selfish crime, alcoholism and drug addiction of the population, adolescent delinquency, immorality.
Thus, deviant behavior is an indicator of the level of the lack of moral and moral development of society.
The content of the concept of "deviant behavior." Causes of deviation
The existence of any system (physical, biological, social) is a dynamic state, the unity of the processes of conservation and change. Deviations are a universal form, mechanism, method of variation, and, consequently, of life, the development of each system. The higher the level of its organization (organization), the more dynamic the system, the more important are changes as a means of preservation.
Since the functioning of social systems is inextricably linked with human activity (the objective collective conscious activity of a social person), social deviations are realized, ultimately, also by deviant behavior.
Under deviant (lat. Deviatio - evasion) behavior means:
R. Merton, using the concept of “anomie” put forward by E. Durkheim (the state of society when the old norms and values no longer correspond to real relations, but the new ones have not yet been established), considers discrepancies between goals set by society and means to be rejected. it offers to achieve them.
In modern Russian sociology, the position of Ya.I. Gilinsky, who considers the source of deviation is the presence of social inequality in society, a high degree of differences in the possibilities of satisfying needs for different social groups.
Deviant behavior has a complex nature and is due to a variety of influencing factors, such as economic, social, demographic, cultural, etc. Among them, the most important are:
The most important causes of deviations in the child's psychosocial development can be dysfunctional families, certain styles of family relationships that lead to the formation of deviant behavior of students, namely:
Analysis of the family and its effects on the psychosocial development of the child shows that a large group of children have violated the conditions of their early socialization. In this regard, it is impossible to separate the problems of the child and work with him without studying the family, parenting style and features of the relationship between parents and children.
Socio-economic factors include social inequality, stratification of society, impoverishment of a significant part of the population, unemployment and, as a result, social tensions.
Moral and ethical factors are manifested in lowering the moral and moral level of society, the absence of a specific value system that would influence the development and socialization of the individual.
This problem has become particularly acute today in our country, where all spheres of public life are undergoing serious changes, the devaluation of former norms of behavior and moral principles is occurring. The discrepancy between the expected and the reality increases the tension in the society and the person’s readiness to change the pattern of his behavior, to go beyond the established norm. In an acute socio-economic situation, the norms themselves undergo significant changes, cultural and moral restrictions often disappear, and the entire system of social control weakens.
Professor V.N. Ivanov identifies such causes of deviation as: changes in the social relations of society, which are reflected in the concept of “marginalization”, its instability, “intermediateness”, “transitivity”, the spread of various social pathologies. The main sign of marginalization is the breaking of ties - economic, social, moral and spiritual. Economic ties are torn in the first place and in the first place are restored. Spiritual ties are restored most slowly, for they depend on a reassessment of values.
Socio-psychological portrait of deviant teenager
The survey was conducted among students of 5-8 classes - 122 people. (adolescents 11-14 years old) and students of 9-11 classes - 64 people. (boys and girls 15-17 years old). A total of 186 adolescents who were registered in the OPDN or in the intraschool register were surveyed.
The survey was conducted in order to identify the moral attitudes of the stumbled adolescent, his satisfaction with his family, his financial situation; to determine his opinion - why people commit certain antisocial acts; understanding - on whom the teenager is ready to rely in a difficult situation for themselves.
Analysis of the results showed the following.
Among the reasons for the use of harmful substances by a person, the following data was obtained: 35.5% (66 people) answered curiosity, 25% of respondents answered because they wanted to feel like an adult, 17.4% of adolescents and 4.8% of high school students did not want falling behind each other, 12.9% - will try “just like that”. This suggests that children have not formed a system of life values, even among high school students. 7% answered that they were forced, 0.5% were taught by adults.
- Attitude of adolescents to people with addiction: 40% of students believe that people with addiction should be treated; 14.7% - educate; 2.9% consider it necessary to punish.
- To the question “To whom or what will you turn to in a difficult moment?” Teenagers gave the following answers: they are ready to seek support and support from their parents - 56% of respondents (62% are teenagers, 40% are high school students); 35% will turn to friends (27% are teenagers, 43% are high school students); 4.3% are ready to ask for help from the teacher (mostly students in grades 5-8); for 3.2% - nature is the support; less than 1% will turn to religion.
Conclusion
The number of schoolchildren who are identified as students with deviant behavior, unfortunately, increases every year, because the number of provoking factors contributing to the formation of behavioral deviations increases.
On the one hand, deviant behavior appears as a form of manifestation of the lack of moral and moral development of the individual in our society. On the other hand, deviant behavior is viewed as a normal reaction to abnormal conditions for a child or group of adolescents in which they find themselves, and at the same time as a language of communication with society, when other socially acceptable ways of communication have been exhausted or inaccessible.
The main task of the school is to give each child, taking into account his individual psychological and physical abilities, the level of education and upbringing that will help him not to get lost in society, find his place in life, and also develop his potential abilities: intellectual, volitional , moral, ideological.
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Pedagogy and didactics
Terms: Pedagogy and didactics