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Laboratory Experiment 1. Making Ball-and-Stick Models of Hydrocarbon Molecules

Lecture



From the provided set of balls and rods, assemble models of the molecules of methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, and n-pentane.

Laboratory Experiment 1. Making Ball-and-Stick Models of Hydrocarbon Molecules

Video 7.1.
Rotation around
the C—C bond

In alkane molecules, rotation around carbon-carbon bonds occurs easily (video 7.1). Because of this, the carbon chain of alkane molecules can take on various spatial shapes. By rotating around the carbon-carbon bonds, give the ball-and-stick model of the n-pentane molecule the spatial shapes shown in the figure:

Laboratory Experiment 1. Making Ball-and-Stick Models of Hydrocarbon Molecules

Is the sequence in which the atoms are connected in the molecule disrupted during rotation around carbon-carbon bonds? Are the structures shown in the figure isomers?

Assemble ball-and-stick models of the isomers of n-pentane. Can these models be obtained from the model of n-pentane by rotation around carbon-carbon bonds?

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Lectures and tutorial on "organic-chemistry"

Terms: organic-chemistry

1. Structure of the Atom. State of the Electron in the Atom. Atomic Orbital
1.2. Structure of the Electron Shells of Atoms
3. Types of Chemical Bonds - Metallic, Covalent, and Ionic
1.4. Covalent bond
1.5. The Subject of Organic Chemistry. The Theory of Structure of Organic Compounds
2.6. Structural Formulas of the Simplest Hydrocarbons. Alkanes. Isomerism of Alkanes
2.7. Spatial Structure of Alkane Molecules. sp3-Hybridization
Laboratory Experiment 1. Making Ball-and-Stick Models of Hydrocarbon Molecules
2.8. The Homologous Series and Physical Properties of Alkanes
8-1. Avogadro's Law. Relative Density of Gases. Volume Fraction of Gas in a Mixture
9. Nomenclature of Alkanes
10. Chemical properties, preparation, and applications of alkanes
11. Determining the Formula of an Organic Substance
11-1. Cycloalkanes
12. Alkenes. Structure of Molecules
13. Alkenes. Structural Isomerism and Nomenclature
14. Spatial Isomerism of Alkenes
15. Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkenes
15-1. Addition of Hydrogen Halides and Water to Alkenes. Markovnikov's Rule
16. Preparation and Uses of Alkenes
Practical Work 1. Preparation of Ethylene and Study of Its Properties
17. Alkadienes
18. Alkynes
19. Aromatic hydrocarbons. Benzene, structure of the molecule
20. Chemical properties, production, and uses of benzene
21. Natural sources of hydrocarbons and their use
22. Saturated monohydric alcohols. Isomerism, nomenclature, classification
23. Physical properties of alcohols. Hydrogen bonding and its effect on the properties of alcohols
24. Chemical properties, preparation, and uses of alcohols
Laboratory experiment 2. Oxidation of ethanol by copper(II) oxide
25. Polyhydric alcohols
Laboratory experiment 3. Reaction of glycerol with copper(II) hydroxide
26. Relationship Between Hydrocarbons and Alcohols
27. Phenols
28. Chemical Properties, Preparation, and Uses of Phenol
29. Aldehydes. Nomenclature. Isomerism. Physical Properties
30. Chemical Properties, Preparation, and Uses of Aldehydes
Laboratory Experiment 4. Oxidation of an Aldehyde with Copper(II) Hydroxide
31. Carboxylic Acids. Classification
32. Saturated Monobasic Carboxylic Acids. Nomenclature. Isomerism. Physical Properties
33. Chemical Properties of Saturated Monobasic Carboxylic Acids
Practical Work 2. Comparison of the Properties of Carboxylic and Inorganic Acids
34. Preparation and Uses of Saturated Monobasic Carboxylic Acids
35. Unsaturated Monobasic Carboxylic Acids
36. Calculations Based on Equations of Reactions Occurring in Solutions
37. Interrelationship Between Hydrocarbons, Alcohols, Aldehydes, and Carboxylic Acids
38. Esters
39. Fats. Structure. Physical and Chemical Properties
Laboratory Experiment 5. Investigation of the Properties of Fats
*Laboratory Experiment 5. Comparison of the Properties of Soap and Synthetic Detergents
40. Carbohydrates. Glucose
41. Chemical Properties of Glucose
Laboratory Experiment 6. Reaction of Glucose with Copper(II) Hydroxide
42. Fructose. Sucrose
42-1. Ribose. Deoxyribose
3.43 Starch: Composition and Structure, Chemical Properties of Starch, Uses and Production
*Practical Work 3. Hydrolysis of Starch
Laboratory Experiment 7. Study of the Physical Properties of Starch.
3.44. Cellulose: Structure, Physical and Chemical Properties, Applications
Practical Work 3. Solving Experimental Problems
CHAPTER 4. NITROGEN-CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS § 45. Structure and Physical Properties of Amines
4.46 Chemical properties, preparation, and uses of amines
4.47. Amino Acids. Nomenclature, Physical and Chemical Properties, Preparation and Uses
4.48 Proteins. Properties of Proteins
Laboratory Experiment 8. Properties of Proteins: Denaturation, Color Reactions
Practical Work 4. Solving Experimental Problems
Polymers and Copolymers as Substances: Their Properties and Applications
*Practical Work 4. Properties of High-Molecular-Weight Compounds
Conclusion