Lecture
1. A collection of ancient Indian sources (late 2nd–early 1st millennium BCE), collections of hymns in honor of the gods: the Vedas.
2. A philosophical-religious movement in China, whose founder is considered to be Laozi – Daoism.
3. The cosmic spiritual principle, the impersonal absolute in Indian philosophy – Brahman.
4. The goal of human striving, the state of "liberation" from endless reincarnations in Indian philosophy: moksha.
5. A central concept of Buddhism and Jainism, denoting the highest state, the goal of human striving – nirvana.
6. The reincarnation of the soul or personality in a chain of new births according to the law of karma in Indian
philosophy – this is samsara.
7. Religions that formed in ancient states, reflecting socio-political and other relations – archaic religions.
8. A concept of ancient Chinese philosophy denoting the feminine, dark, passive principle – yin.
9. Eastern philosophy: Buddhism; Islam; Yoga; Neo-Hinduism.
10 Esoteric philosophy: Theosophy; Sufism; Agni Yoga; Living Ethics; The Temple Doctrine.
11. Select the correct statement. The Eastern type of civilizational and cultural development corresponds to: traditional society.
12. The veneration of various objects of reality, to which supernatural properties are ascribed: fetishism.
13. Belief in the existence of a supernatural connection between a group of people and a particular species of animal or plant – totemism.
14. The sacred book of Muslims: the Quran.
1. Author of the statement: "Thought and being are one and the same" – Parmenides.
2. The first philosopher of antiquity is considered to be: Thales.
3. Considered water to be the first principle of all things – Thales.
4. The thinker who introduced the word "dialectic" into philosophy – Socrates.
5. Who asserted: "I know that I know nothing": Socrates.
6. The first to turn to the problem of man was: Socrates.
7. Considered the apeiron to be the first principle of all things – Anaximander.
8. A sophist philosopher – Protagoras.
9. Considered fire to be the first principle of all things – Heraclitus.
10. Democritus held that atoms lie at the foundation of the world.
11. The knowledge of eternal and absolute truths is within the power only of philosophers endowed with a correspondingly wise soul, according to – Plato.
12. The force governing the world in Stoic philosophy: Fate.
13. For the Stoics philosophy is the science of: dying.
14. An ancient philosopher who singled out sociality and rationality as the two main characteristics distinguishing man from animal: Aristotle.
15. Plato held that the foundation of the world consists of: ideas.
16. The chronological boundaries of Middle Stoicism – the 2nd–1st centuries BCE.
17. The concept used by the followers of Pythagoras to denote the first principle – Number.
18. The Stoics' ideal philosopher: Diogenes of Sinope.
19. A concept meaning imperturbability of spirit – ataraxia.
20. The period of world history that placed rights and freedoms within the framework of legal relations – the Roman period.
21. Representatives of the ancient philosophical school who asserted that the most important skill in philosophizing is what one considers advantageous and correct: the Sophists.
22. An era characterized by viewing man and nature as a unified, harmoniously interconnected whole: antiquity.
23. The meaning of philosophy, according to Pythagoras, lies in the search for: truth.
24. The thinker who first explained the word "philosopher" – this is Pythagoras.
25. Pythagoras claimed that: the world is a harmony of numbers.
26. The birthplace of science is considered to be: Ancient Greece.
27. Prominent representatives of eclecticism in the ancient world are: Boethius, Cicero, Philo.
28. In ancient philosophy, spontaneous dialectic predominated.
1. Medieval author of the saying: "I believe in order to understand" – Aurelius Augustine.
2. Anti-scholasticism, as a characteristic feature of the Renaissance era, was expressed in: criticism of medieval philosophy.
3. The philosophy of the Middle Ages is divided into the following chronological periods:
4. A concept characterizing the worldview of the Eastern Church Fathers – symbolism.
5. A philosophical school in modern capitalism, proceeding from the teaching of Thomas Aquinas – neo-Thomism.
6. A medieval philosopher who asserted the independence of soul and body – Aurelius Augustine.
7. According to Augustine, how can one move from the "earthly city" to the "heavenly city": through constant striving toward God by means of prayer.
8. The highest human faculty, according to Aurelius Augustine: faith in God.
9. Thomas Aquinas – a major representative of medieval theological philosophy – puts forward: 5 proofs of the existence of God of his own.
10. A movement in medieval philosophy that denied the real existence of general concepts, considering them merely verbal shells – nominalism.
11. Nominalism – a movement in medieval theological philosophy whose adherents held that what really existed were: individual concepts.
12. Faith was contrasted in the Middle Ages with – reason.
13. A type of medieval religious philosophy characterized by the combination of dogmatic premises with a rationalistic method – scholasticism.
14. Protestant ethics proclaimed as an activity pleasing to God: entrepreneurial activity.
15. Representatives of medieval philosophy: Roscelin, Ockham, Aquinas, Augustine, Scotus.
16. Augustine's social philosophy was based on the notion of: the purposefulness of history.
17. The era in which values were linked to the divine essence – the Middle Ages.
18. The chronological boundaries of Patristics – the 1st–7th centuries.
19. A form of worldview expressing recognition of the Absolute Beginning, God – the doctrine of the end of the world is called: eschatology.
20. Representatives of medieval philosophy: Realism: Augustine the Blessed, Thomas Aquinas.
Nominalism: Roscelin, Ockham.
Conceptualism: Abelard, Scotus.
1. The secular worldview stance of the Renaissance, opposed to scholasticism and the spiritual dominance of the church – humanism
2. The title of Thomas More's work, containing a description of a model society – Utopia.
3. The natural order of the Universe, according to Galileo's definition, is expressed by: mathematics.
4. A characteristic feature of the Renaissance – anthropocentrism.
5. "The City of the Sun," a utopian novel, was written by: Campanella.
6. Cusanus held that human cognition is: boundless.
7. A depiction of an ideal social order, lacking scientific grounding and containing unrealistic plans for social transformation – utopia.
8. A movement within Christianity that arose as a result of the Reformation – Protestantism.
9. A characteristic of the Universe in the philosophy of Giordano Bruno – infinity.
10. The natural order of the Universe, according to Galileo's definition, is expressed by: mathematics.
11. The concept of "Renaissance" means the restoration of interest in: antiquity.
12. The founder of humanism in the Renaissance era – Petrarch.
13. A type of worldview characteristic of the Renaissance era, based on the opposition of the individual to society – individualism.
14. A Renaissance philosopher who affirmed the free will of man as a defining factor of life – Mirandola.
15. The author of the book "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" was: Copernicus.
1. The method of true knowledge, according to Bacon: induction.
2. The main theme in the Modern era became the theme of: cognition.
3. The work "New Atlantis" was written by: Bacon.
4. The founder of rationalism is considered to be: Descartes.
5. A philosopher who examined social phenomena from the standpoint of mechanistic materialism – T. Hobbes.
6. A philosopher who considered the natural state to be "the war of all against all" – Hobbes.
7. The basic inalienable rights of man, according to Locke – life, property, freedom.
8. Determine the solution proposed by Locke to the problem of the interaction of the individual with the surrounding concrete-historical environment: the doctrine of man as a …blank slate.
9. The surrounding world of objects, according to Spinoza: modes.
10. The mode of cognition, in Spinoza, representing adequate knowledge: intuition.
11. A tendency in 17th–18th century philosophy to reduce all laws of nature to the laws of mechanics: mechanism.
12. A branch of science whose development was aided by the work of Modern-era philosophers: methodology
13. "Man is born to be free, and everywhere he is in chains," – asserted Rousseau.
14. A dualistic position is characteristic of – Descartes.
15. Supreme power, according to the definition of J. Locke – legislative.
16. The foundation of the entire universe, according to Leibniz, consists of: monads.
17. The idea of experimental research arose: in the culture of the Modern era.
18. A philosophical movement whose representatives acknowledged God as the world mind that created nature and gave it motion, but does not influence its existence – this is: deism.
1. The era whose spiritual values were inherited by the French Enlightenment thinkers: the Renaissance.
2. An Enlightenment philosopher who put forward the idea of the progressive development of society – Condorcet.
3. The surname of the Enlightenment thinker who provided the grounding for the concept of "natural religion" – Voltaire.
4. Who put forward "political structure" as a factor of differences among peoples? Voltaire.
5. "Fatality is the eternal, immutable, necessary order established in nature," held Holbach.
6. Who among the figures of the French Enlightenment organized the writing of the 35-volume Encyclopedic Dictionary – Diderot.
7. The author of the work "Man a Machine" is: La Mettrie.
8. Which philosopher developed the concept of the influence of geographical factors on society as the primary factor: Montesquieu.
9. The Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century (Voltaire, Diderot) viewed culture as the embodiment of: reason.
10. What position toward religion did the French Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century hold? Some entirely rejected it (Meslier), others allowed for its existence as a restraining social factor.
Representatives of the French Enlightenment:
1. The objective, ideal principle acting as the subject of development, the creator of the world, according to Hegel: Spirit.
2. A necessary moment in the development of cognition, according to Hegel: logic.
3. The work "Philosophy of Right" belongs to: Hegel.
4. The author of the work "Critique of Pure Reason" – Kant.
5. Representatives of German classical philosophy – Feuerbach, Schelling.
6. The capacity to form concepts, judgments, and rules, according to Kant: a priori.
7. The period of Kant's activity characterized by the work "Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens" – pre-critical.
8. The subjective principle of morality, according to Kant: duty.
9. The central philosophical problem of Hume – cognition.
10. The categorical imperative of I. Kant belongs to: morality.
11. A thinker who held that in seeking the meaning of history one should proceed from its "end," that is, from its presumed outcomes – Kant.
12. A representative of German classical philosophy who based himself on the positions of an anthropological, morally-natural reason: Feuerbach?
13. Fichte is a follower of: Kant.
14. Feuerbach's philosophy: anthropological materialism.
15. Determine the solution proposed by Feuerbach to the problem of the interaction of the individual and society: first one must change people's consciousness, and only then will these changed people change their social existence.
1. Activity as the basis of the cognition of reality in Marxist philosophy – practical.
2. The author of the work "Dialectics of Nature" – Engels.
3. The stage of cognition, in Marxist philosophy, consisting of a person's reflection of the objective world by means of the sense organs – the sensory stage.
4. A theory that views the development of history as a natural-historical process – Marxism.
5. The principal work of K. Marx: Capital
6. "It is not the consciousness of people that determines their existence, but the other way around…," wrote K. Marx.
7. The mode of existence of matter, in Marxist philosophy: materiality.
8. The defining relation between people, in Marxist philosophy –
9. In analyzing society, Marx placed at the forefront: social bonds and relations.
10. The key concept used in the formational approach to the analysis of society?..
11. The basis for the functioning and development of society, in Marxist philosophy, is material … production.
12. The philosophy that influenced Marxist philosophy – German classical philosophy.
13. The time of the emergence of Marxist philosophy – the 1840s.
14. The criterion of truth, in Marxist philosophy: practice.
15. Followers of Marxist philosophy: Lafargue, Plekhanov.
16. Consciousness in materialist philosophy is understood as: subjective reality.
17. In classical Marxism the origin of the state was explained by: causes of a socio-economic character.
18. Classical Marxism examines man in the context of the entire totality of: social relations.
19. Determine the historical concept that was developed and defined by Marx and Engels: surplus value.
20. Indicate the correct proposition of Marx and Engels: development proceeds according to the laws of dialectics.
21. Indicate the correct concept that was singled out and developed by K. Marx: alienation.
22. A movement in social philosophy developing in parallel with positivism: Marxism.
23. Which representative of neo-Marxism drew attention to the deep connection between Marxism and Hegelian dialectics? Lukács.
1. A philosophical movement asserting that genuine knowledge is the cumulative result of the special sciences – positivism.
2. A thinker who denied the existence of objective development in society – Popper.
3. Ideals and guidelines for the socio-cultural development of society in Neo-Kantianism – values.
4. The dominant sphere of society in the concept of post-industrialism – services.
5. Freud's theory is called: psychoanalysis
6. The surname of Z. Freud's follower who developed the doctrine of the "collective unconscious," which determines the social behavior of people: Jung.
7. A thinker who viewed life as the realization of the soul in the world – Spengler.
8. A thinker who saw the meaning of world history in religious evolution and the spiritual perfection of man – Toynbee.
9. The author of the concept of the superman, which recognizes the inequality of people: Nietzsche.
10. The school of neopositivism that places the analysis of the language of science at the center of its research – the Vienna school.
11. Representatives of Freudo-Marxism: Reich, Marcuse.
12. The work "Being and Nothingness" belongs to: Sartre.
13. A philosopher of the philosophy of life who regarded will as the main principle of life and cognition: Schopenhauer.
14. The philosophy of human existence is called: existentialism.
15. Determine the correspondence between the philosopher and what they brought to the forefront in place of "reason" — phenomena and modes of feeling:
16. The principle of clarifying the meanings of scientific propositions in neopositivism: verification?
17. Bell put forward the theory of: industrial society
18. The founder of intuitionism is considered to be: Bergson.
19. The central question of philosophy is: to have or to be? This corresponds to the title of one of his books: Fromm.
20. The main cause of anthroposociogenesis according to Freud: biological.
21. The positivist ideas of Comte were developed by: Spencer.
22. A direction in 20th-century epistemology whose origin is linked to the research of F. de Saussure: structuralism.
23. A thinker who held that the task of philosophy was not the attainment of truth but the analysis of the logical structures of language: Wittgenstein.
24. A philosophy that sought to show the unity of the historical process, locating the starting point of humanity's development in the appearance of Christ: Western European Christian philosophy.
1. In 1721 Peter I replaced the sole rule of the patriarch with the Most Holy Synod.
2. Church districts of Kievan Rus: eparchies.
3. An Old Russian thinker who set out an ethical code of conduct in his work: Monomakh.
4. The shift from the medieval type of philosophizing to the modern European type in Russian philosophy occurred: in the 17th century.
5. Lomonosov's philosophy, which formed the basis of physical chemistry: corpuscular philosophy.
6. The scientist who demonstrated the dependence of biological and social life on Earth on the influence of the Cosmos: Chizhevsky
7. A representative of Russian cosmism, the first to put forward the idea of mastering the Cosmos: Fyodorov.
8. A current of Russian philosophical thought of the 1830s–40s in which faith acted as the primary factor conditioning the historical activity of a people – the Slavophiles.
9. A current of Russian philosophical thought that interpreted the history of Russia as part of the general world-historical process – Westernism.
10. A current of Russian socio-philosophical thought that defined the autocratic monarchy as the only form of government capable of ensuring the integrity and stability of Russia: conservatism.
11. The thinker who developed an original philosophical conception of conservatism – Leontiev.
12. One of the founders of the culturological understanding of the course of history – Danilevsky.
13. A 19th-century Russian philosopher who held religious faith to be higher than reason – Solovyov.
14. The «doctrine of Godmanhood» belongs to V. Solovyov.
15. The central idea of V. Solovyov's philosophy: all-unity.
16. The main problem addressed by Fyodorov: immortality.
17. Westernizers: Belinsky, Chaadaev, Granovsky, Ogarev.
18. Representatives of revolutionary-democratic ideology: Herzen, Belinsky.
19. Pochvenniki (native-soil advocates): Dostoevsky, Leontiev, Danilevsky, Strakhov.
20. Cosmists: Bugaev, Chizhevsky, Tsiolkovsky, Umov.
21. Religious philosophers: Florensky, Solovyov, Lossky, Shestov.
22. Religious philosophy: Orthodoxy.
23. Who was called the «pioneer» of Marxism in Russian philosophy: Plekhanov.
24. The social order that Kropotkin characterized as «complete freedom, absence of authority»: anarchy.
25. Politics, according to Lenin's definition, is: «participation in the affairs of the state».
27. A representative of Russian philosophy who asserted that the human being is the highest product of nature: Chernyshevsky.
28. Philosophy in the Soviet period:
1.What is philosophy? A form of social consciousness representing a system of the most general concepts about the world and the place of the human being in it, and serving as the theoretical basis of a worldview.
2. Where did philosophy arise? In Greece, India, and China.
3. What is called the subject of philosophy? The subject of philosophy is called the system of questions that philosophy studies.
4. The general system of views on the world is called – a worldview.
5. A worldview – is a set of principles and convictions that determine the direction of activity and the attitude toward reality of an individual, social groups, a class, or society as a whole.
6. Belief in the existence of supernatural forces is called: religion.
7. The function of philosophy that promotes the formation of a holistic picture of the world, of notions of its structure, of the place of the human being in it, and of principles for interacting with the surrounding world: the world-view function.
8. The function of philosophy whose purpose is to call into question the surrounding world and existing knowledge, to seek out new features and qualities, and to reveal contradictions, the ultimate task of this function being to expand the boundaries of knowledge and to destroy dogmas and the ossification of knowledge, is called: the critical function.
9. Which function of philosophy is not among the basic ones: the sociological function.
10. Which function is not among the basic ones: the mythological function.
11. Which function is not among the basic functions of philosophy? The political function.
12. The function of philosophy that explains social being and contributes to its material and spiritual transformation: the social function.
13. The function of philosophy connected with the abstract-theoretical, conceptual explanation of the world – the theoretical function
14. The function of philosophy whose purpose is the directed and reliable cognition of surrounding reality: the epistemological function.
15. The function of philosophy that contributes to the development of methods for the cognition of surrounding reality is called: the methodological function.
16. The concept that characterizes the undifferentiated nature of worldview notions in primitive society – syncretism.
17. The doctrine of the general principles of being, cognition, and the relation of the human being and the world – this is philosophy.
18. What sections make up the general structure of the subject of philosophy? The doctrine of being (ontology), of cognition (epistemology), of the human being, and of society.
19. Philosophy relies on: reason and objective knowledge.
20. What question is the fundamental question of philosophy? The question of the relation between being and thought.
21. The specificity of philosophical questions lies in the fact that they are: eternal.
22. What is simultaneously a direction in philosophy and a philosophical method: materialism.
23. What role do philosophical forms of knowledge play in the process of cognition: they allow the most precise understanding of the essence of nature and of social phenomena.
1. The world has either a material origin or a spiritual one, asserts: monism.
2. What does the term «ontology» mean? The doctrine of that which exists.
3. The essence of things: is hidden.
4. The philosophical concept for designating all that exists: being.
5. The problem of being in philosophy:
6. The doctrine of being:
7. A maximally general, universal concept in which universal connections and relations of reality are represented: a category.
8. Since antiquity, the concept of «Being» has been understood as the world surrounding the human being. In what century did this understanding come to also characterize the inner world of the human being – the «subjective world»: the 19th century?
9. A philosophical direction that derives everything from a single spirit, explaining the emergence of matter from spirit or subordinating matter to it – this is objective idealism.
10. That which exists independently of anything else – substance.
11. Representatives:
12. Determine the correspondence between the positions in philosophy on the analysis of substances…:
13. There exist many original foundations and principles of being, asserts: pluralism.
14. A property of matter consisting in the reproduction of the features of an object or process – reflection.
15. A radical turning point in development, a qualitative transformation of an object or phenomenon as a result of quantitative changes – a leap.
16. Reality focused in the consciousness of the subject: subjective reality.
17. Reality existing outside human consciousness is called: objective reality.
18. Where can being manifest, become actual, and exist: in the present.
19. The duration of the existence of things and processes: time.
20. What is not included in the content of «Being»: societies and states that existed in the past.
21. Determine the correspondence between different eras and views on the problem of matter:
22. Reflection is inherent in: all matter.
23. Approaches to the problem of matter in philosophy:
24. Determine the correspondence between the basic forms of the motion of matter and their essence:
1. The philosophy of nature, a speculative interpretation of nature considered in its integrity: natural philosophy.
2. The science that studies the problems of the interaction of society and the environment – social ecology.
3. The surname of the German biologist who first used the term «ecology»: Haeckel.
4. The part of nature drawn into the sphere of society, into the production process: the geographical environment.
5. The philosophical current that attributes purposiveness to the processes and phenomena of nature: teleology.
6. The global problems of our time are connected with:
1. A maximally general universal concept in which universal connections and relations of reality are represented: a category.
2. The central concept of dialectics is: development.
3. The philosophical doctrine of the universal connections of being and of the development of all that exists: dialectics.
4. In the history of philosophy there existed not only dialectics but also its opposite – metaphysics.
5. Which direction in philosophy is characterized by a failure to grasp the universal connection of phenomena and by a denial of development: metaphysics.
6. The internal ordering, coherence, and interaction of the differentiated and autonomous parts of a whole, conditioned by its structure: organization.
7. The key element of the dialectical conception of development is the principle of – contradiction.
8. The category of dialectics denoting the necessary condition or basis for the emergence of some process or event – cause.
9. The category of dialectics paired with the category «necessary» – chance.
10. A process carried out in a definite order: thesis (affirmation), antithesis (negation), synthesis (negation of the negation), according to Hegel, – development
11. A radical turning point in development, a qualitative transformation of an object or phenomenon as a result of quantitative change – a leap.
12. The transition from one quantity to another is: a leap.
13. The law of «the unity and struggle of opposites» determines: the source of development.
14. The law of «the mutual transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones» determines: the mechanism of development.
15. The law of «the negation of the negation» determines: the tendencies of development.
16. The degree of development of the properties of an object: quantity.
17. The central concept of dialectics is: development.
18. A characteristic of an object that manifests itself in its relations with other objects is: a property.
19. The dialectics of people's cognition and thought is called – subjective.
20. Determine the correspondence between different periods of time in the understanding of dialectics at different times:
1. A type of worldview according to which the human being is the center and highest goal of the universe: anthropocentrism.
2. Likening to a human being, attributing human properties to objects and phenomena of inanimate nature, celestial bodies, and mythological beings – anthropomorphism.
3. The doctrine of the human being – anthropology.
4. The human being – is a generic concept, expressing the general features inherent in the human race.
5. The individual – a concrete representative of the human race, who, alongside generic features, possesses purely individual traits.
6. Individuality – the set of properties and abilities that distinguish a given individual from the mass of others.
7. The restraint or suppression of feelings and desires, the voluntary endurance of physical pain and solitude – asceticism.
8. The restraint or suppression of feelings and desires, the voluntary endurance of physical pain and solitude – asceticism.
9. A direction in ethics asserting pleasure and enjoyment as the highest goal and the main motive of human behavior – hedonism.
10. The specifically human form of active engagement with the surrounding world for the purpose of mastering and transforming it: activity.
11. Which level is not obligatory for the human being: the pedagogical level.
12. Everything that the human being possesses, everything that distinguishes them from animals, is: the result of their life in society.
13. The determining condition for the formation of the human being is labor, since it has: a collective character.
14. Everything that the human being possesses, everything that distinguishes them from animals, is: the result of their life in society.
15. How are the concepts of «practice» and «activity» related to one another? The concept of «activity» is broader than the concept of «practice».
16. The original form of social practice: was material practice.
17. Indicate the correct statement. The human being is, above all, a social being, but their behavior is also influenced by biological factors.
18. What motivates a person to a specific personal action: a need, that is, a person's requirement for certain external conditions of their existence.
19. The highest form (mode) of reflection of the external world, inherent only in the human being – is consciousness.
20. The important characteristics and essential properties of human consciousness are:
21. What is self-consciousness? It is a person's awareness and evaluation of their own actions and their results.
22. «The mediated and generalized reflection in human consciousness of the essential properties, causal relations and lawful connections between objects and phenomena relates to the concept of»: thinking.
23. What is language? It is a system of signs that serves as a means of cognition, of preserving the products of spiritual culture, and of human communication.
24. Identify the idealist point of view: Consciousness can exist before and independently of matter.
25. Positions in philosophy on the problem of consciousness:
26. The reproduction within oneself of other objects is: reflection.
27. An innate psychic structure, an image constituting the content of the collective unconscious, is: the archetype.
28. The function of morality that ensures the regulation of people's behavior in society and the self-regulation of an individual's behavior is: the regulative function.
29. The totality of religious ideas, feelings, habits, and traditions formed under the influence of bearers of religious consciousness is: religious psychology.
30. Consciousness that reflects political relations, the life of society, and the activity of political institutions is: political consciousness.
31. Political consciousness based on a particular political conception, reflecting the political interests of particular social groups: theoretical consciousness.
32. Which of the following does not belong among the forms of social consciousness: psychological consciousness.
33. Which of the following does not belong among the forms of social consciousness? Astrology.
34. Identify the idealist point of view among the propositions given: consciousness can exist before and independently of matter.
35. The capacity of social consciousness to influence the course of the historical process is explained by: the activity of social consciousness.
36. The capacity of social consciousness to anticipate the future on the basis of an analysis of opposing processes and tendencies in society is called: the anticipatory reflection of social consciousness.
37. Identify the false statement: The forms of social consciousness differ from one another – in their significance within the structure of social consciousness.
38. Identify what is not part of the structure of social consciousness: the essence of social consciousness.
39. Identify which of the following laws does not exist: the law of the independence of social consciousness from social being.
40. What is self-consciousness: it is a person's awareness and evaluation of his own actions and their results.
41. Lagging behind the objective logic of the development of social being means: the inertness of social consciousness.
42. Which of the following is not part of the creative function of consciousness? Working out a plan of action.
43. Identify… the idealist point of view: consciousness can exist before and independently of consciousness.
44. Historical continuity in the development of social consciousness means that: the old is present within the new.
45. An unchanging feature of the contemporary type of personality is: its civic and political consciousness.
46. The philosophical school characterized by the proposition «There is nothing in the mind that was not first in the senses» is: sensualism.
47. The philosophical school that recognizes reason as the basis of human knowledge and behavior is: rationalism.
48. A form of sensory cognition is: perception.
49. An image of a previously perceived object or phenomenon, as well as an image created by the imagination: representation.
50. A phenomenon given in the experience of sensory cognition is: a phenomenon.
51. What answer does rationalism give to the question of the source of cognition: reason.
52. The highest cognitive faculty, surpassing the understanding in its capacities and tasks, is: reason.
53. The method based on deriving, from false but exclusively and incorrectly presented-as-true premises (judgments), a new premise that is logically true but false in meaning, is called: sophistry.
54. Which of the following statements is philosophical: the world is knowable.
55. Agreement with which statement constitutes agnosticism? The essence of things is in principle unknowable.
56. Identify what does not belong among the sensory forms of cognition? Concept.
57. The recognition of the relativity, conventionality, and subjectivity of cognition, and the denial of absolute ethical norms and rules: relativism.
58. Reasoning built on the substitution of concepts, false arguments, and premises: sophism.
59. The reflection of objective reality in human consciousness in the course of a person's social, productive, and scientific activity is called: cognition.
60. Partial, incomplete knowledge of an object is: relative truth.
61. The fundamental question of epistemology is the question: of truth.
62. The union of human thought with the external world is: truth.
63. The concept denoting the correspondence of knowledge to reality, the objective content of empirical experience and theoretical cognition: truth.
64. Identify the correct statement. Truth is the correct reflection of reality in consciousness, independent in its content of any individual or of humanity as a whole.
65. The criterion of truth in philosophy is: practice.
66. A worldview position that ignores an objective approach to reality is: subjective.
67. A form of rational cognition is: theory.
68. A system of generalized, reliable, and ordered knowledge about an object: theory.
69. The level of cognition that explains and substantiates the internal features of things and phenomena is: the theoretical level.
70. The type of cognitive activity that studies an object as a whole, possessing its own arsenal of cognitive means of an interdisciplinary character, is called: the theoretical level of cognition.
71. Scientific cognition is always carried out by means of: reason.
72. In the process of cognition, a given concept: does not change.
73. Science can be defined as: a sphere of human activity whose function is the elaboration and theoretical systematization of objective knowledge about reality.
74. Thinking by means of special concepts, as instruments of cognition, is: science.
75. For a long time, the dominant type of historical-scientific research was: the chronological description of the achievements of a given science.
76. A scientific problem in the narrow sense: a form of thought characterizing the insufficiency of the available means for achieving the goal of scientific cognition.
77. A scientific problem in the broad sense: a difficulty that can be overcome only by means of research.
78. The philosophical school asserting that genuine knowledge is the cumulative result of the special sciences is: positivism.
79. A change of scientific paradigm is: a revolution.
80. The aspect of social cognition concerned with the value orientations of social phenomena is: the axiological aspect.
81. The aspect of social cognition that explains the being of society, the laws and tendencies of its functioning and development, is: the social aspect.
82. The branch of philosophical knowledge that studies the universal problems of cognition and the totality of methods of scientific research: methodology.
83. What is methodology? The science of methods of cognition.
84. The definition «mental abstraction from nonexistent properties, connections, and relations of objects, and the isolation of the aspects that interest the researcher» refers to: abstraction.
85. To identify general regularities in the development of scientific cognition, the methodology of science relies on: the mathematical method of research.
86. The transition to a higher level of abstraction by identifying general features of objects in the area under consideration: generalization.
87. Inferences may be: deductive and inductive.
88. General methods of scientific cognition are applied: in philosophical cognition.
89. The view of scientific cognition as the highest cultural value is characteristic of: scientism.
90. Anti-scientism interprets science as: a force alien and hostile to human nature.
91. One of the most important distinguishing qualities of scientific cognition is: systematicity.
92. An assumption about a possible regular order, about an essential connection between phenomena: a hypothesis.
93. The method of cognition consisting in the mental decomposition of an object into its constituent elements: analysis.
94. Descriptive scientific theories solve the task of: organizing the facts pertaining to it.
95. The shift from mathematics to natural science as the model for studying the dynamics of scientific cognition is connected: with the results of the development of natural science.
96. The representation of an object in the form of some language: formalization.
97. The way of achieving results in cognition and in practice is called: method.
98. The factor that is the most important content of the social being of people, according to the materialist conception of history: production.
99. The basis of the material production of agrarian civilization was: agriculture and livestock breeding.
100. The branch of philosophy in which society is considered as a specific phenomenon… is called: social philosophy.
101. The philosopher who was the first to introduce the term «sociology» into science: Comte.
102. The goals of a collective are set by: society.
103. Identify the correct statement: The family is the basic unit of society.
104. The structure of society and its individual strata, the system of features of social differentiation – this is social: statics? or dynamics?
105. The concept denoting the system of stable connections, social groups, and institutions that has formed in society: the social sphere?
106. The possibility of moving from one social group to another is called: social mobility.
107. The totality of means and methods for exercising state power: the regime.
108. The conception asserting the primacy of human rights and freedoms: the liberal conception.
109. Identify the correct statement: The social structure of society is the integral totality of all the communities functioning within it, taken in their interaction.
110. Indicate the false statement: a social system does not belong to the category of self-governing systems.
111. The sphere of activity and relations in society associated with the existence of large groups of people is called: the social sphere.
112. Which needs do not exist? Needs that are complex and elementary.
113. The continuously renewing totality of people living on Earth as a whole or within some part of it, arising in the process of production: population.
114. Identify the correct statement: the general community of society's demographic structure is: population.
115. The totality of forms of organizing people's life and activity is: society.
116. The natural condition for the existence of society itself is: nature.
117. That by means of which nature is transformed: the productive forces.
118. The exchange of activity, the distribution of various goods and services: relations of production.
119. To study material production, social philosophy uses the concept: the mode of production.
120. Historical science has established that classes arose: during the period of the disintegration of the clan system.
121. The central question of politics: the question of state power.
122. The sphere of social life engaged in the production, distribution, and consumption of various kinds of goods and services is: the material sphere.
123. The sphere of social life involved in determining the forms, tasks, and content of the state's activity, and the direction of its functioning: the political sphere.
124. The sphere of social activity that ensures the blocking of destructive tendencies in all areas of social development: the regulative sphere.
125. Consciousness that reflects political relations, the life of society, and the activity of political institutions is: political consciousness.
126. A system of generally binding social norms established or sanctioned by the state: law.
127. A progressive transformation, change, or reorganization of some aspect of social life: reform.
128. Stagnation in society, the economy, or production: stagnation.
129. The overthrow of the existing socio-political order by forcible means: revolution.
130. The sphere of activity that determines the forms, tasks, and content of the state's activity: the political sphere.
131. A state system based on a one-party system and an ideology imposed by the state: totalitarianism.
132. Economic relations based on the social division of labor: relations of production.
133. The creator of the theory according to which population growth is the chief evil, leading to calamity and poverty: Malthus.
134. The sociologist who attributes to religion the social ideas and beliefs that have an obligatory character: Durkheim.
135. The initial stage of internal transformation within society or its parts, having a quantitative character: change.
136. Democracy proceeding from the idea of universal equality: egalitarian democracy.
137. The ability and capacity to exert a determining influence on the activity and behavior of people by means of – will, authority, or force: power.
138. The form of government presupposing the concentration of all power in the hands of one person representing the ruling dynasty: monarchy.
139. The principal institution of the political system of society, organizing and directing the joint activity and relations of people: the state.
140. Which feature is the principal one for characterizing a class: the class's place in a historically determined system of production.
141. Identify the correct proposition: the economic mode of production includes: the productive forces and the relations of production (economic relations).
142. Identify the false statement concerning the state and the economy: the state may refrain from interfering in the country's economic development.
143. Identify the false statement: the political system of society determines the technological mode of production.
144. The process of creating material goods: production.
145. What does not belong to the ethnic structure of society: a party.
146. Identify the correct statement. In the structure of material production, one should distinguish between: the technological mode of production and the economic mode of production.
147. A society with developed economic, cultural, legal, and political relations, interacting with the state…: civil society.
148. The use of the social product in the process of satisfying needs, the final phase of the production process: consumption.
149. The fundamental stimulus for the development of production: need.
150. Identify the correct statement. The basic relation of production is the relation of ownership of the means of production.
151. The diversity of forms and manifestations of political life in society means: political pluralism.
152. Indicate the correct statement: The historical process unfolds according to laws.
153. Every individual is unique.
154. The individual does not dissolve into society.
155. The chief resultant property of the individual is: worldview.
156. The interconnected process of the formation of humanity and society: anthroposociogenesis.
157. Which constituent element is not obligatory for characterizing an individual: the cosmobiological element.
158. The chief resultant property of the individual is: worldview.
159. What prompts a person to a specific personal action: need, that is, a person's requirement for certain external conditions of his existence.
160. Which feature is the main one for characterizing a class: the place of the class in a historically determined system of production.
161. Identify the false statement: the social role of an individual as a worker depends to a decisive degree on: biologically innate programs.
162. In every collective, the following are possible: disagreements and contradictions.
163. The connection between the individual and society is mediated by: the primary collective.
164. Society cannot give a person more than what that person gives to it.
165. Which needs do not exist? Complex and elementary needs.
166. Connections and dependencies between participants in labor activity: professional relations.
167. The process by which an individual assimilates a system of knowledge, norms, and values that enables them to function as a full-fledged member of society: socialization.
168. The relationship between the individual and society: changes substantially in the course of history.
169. The name of the thinker who developed the idea of the diversity of types of culture – Danilevsky.
170. Culture: is the totality of all types of transformative activity…and so on.
171. The original form and primary source of culture is: human labor.
172. Culture exists as: a system
173. The function of culture that regulates the behavior of individual persons and entire social groups: the normative function.
174. The function of culture consisting in the fact that many achievements of culture serve as new means of further understanding of the surrounding world and the practical use of this knowledge – the cognitive function.
175. The function of culture that allows people to communicate with one another is called: the communicative function.
176. Can all cultural phenomena be reduced to the rational level of human cognition? No, they cannot.
177. The concept indicating the cultural, social, or personal significance of phenomena and facts of reality – value.
178. One of the first formulas expressing the specific character of culture was: «culture contra nature».
179. Spiritual culture is: the totality of all knowledge, all forms of thought, and the entire sphere of worldview.
180. Material culture – the entire totality of
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Часть 1 500 Philosophy Tests with Answers, Organized by Topic
Часть 2 Addendum - 500 Philosophy Tests with Answers, Organized by Topic
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