CHAPTER 12. ORGANISATION OF RESEARCH ACTIVITY AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH § 12.1. The concept of research activity and its types

Lecture 3 min.



INTRODUCTION TO THE CHAPTER
In the previous chapters we considered research activity as a creative and individual activity. Now it is time to draw attention to the fact that carrying out research and development work is also a collective activity, one that is managed and funded. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the organization of science. We will answer the following questions:

What kinds of activity are classified as scientific activity?

What forms of organization of science ?

What is the system of state academies of sciences?

What forms of funding exist for scientific research? Key concepts of this chapter: scientific activity, the Academy of Sciences, state-budget research and development work (R&D), contract-based R&D, grant funding of R&D, grant application.

CHAPTER 12. ORGANISATION OF RESEARCH ACTIVITY AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH § 12.1. The concept of research activity and its types

THEORETICAL MATERIAL
§ 12.1. The concept of scientific activity and its types

One should not think that research activity is the only form of scientific activity. Science is not only experiments and theoretical analysis. For a scientist to be able to create successfully, he must be trained and organized. His interaction with other researchers must be arranged. He must be paid a salary, after all. In this connection, scientific activity includes, besides research, other kinds of activity as well (Fig. 12.2).


Legislative definitions of the main kinds of scientific activity are given in the Law of Ukraine "On Science and Scientific-Technical Activity" [11].
Scientific activity is intellectual creative activity aimed at obtaining and using new knowledge.

Its main forms are fundamental and applied
scientific research

CHAPTER 12. ORGANISATION OF RESEARCH ACTIVITY AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH § 12.1. The concept of research activity and its types

Scientific-technical activity is intellectual
creative activity aimed at obtaining and using new knowledge in all branches of engineering and technology. Its main forms are research, experimental design,
survey and design-survey work, the manufacture
of prototypes or batches of scientific-technical products, as well as other work connected with bringing scientific and scientific-technical knowledge to the stage of their practical use.
Scientific-pedagogical activity is pedagogical activity in higher educational institutions and institutions of postgraduate education of accreditation levels III-IV, connected with
scientific and (or) scientific-technical activity.
Scientific-organizational activity is activity
aimed at the methodological and organizational provision and coordination of scientific, scientific-technical and scientific-pedagogical activity.

created: 2020-01-12
updated: 2026-09-21
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Lectures and tutorial on "Fundamentals of Scientific Research and the organization of research activities"

Terms: Fundamentals of Scientific Research and the organization of research activities

INTRODUCTION to scientific research
CHAPTER 1. Concepts: science, scientific thinking, non-science, pseudoscience, protoscience, the demarcation problem
1.2. The concept of science. Main functions and features of science
1.1. Science as a system of knowledge and a socio-cultural phenomenon, distinctions between science and other elements of culture
1.3. Classification of sciences
1.4. Specifics of economic science
1.5. Stages in the formation of science
1.6. Cyclical development of science
1.2. Organization of education and science in Ukraine
1.3. Training of scientific personnel in Ukraine
1.4. The "master's" qualification and its scientific status
1.5. Master's-level training in the education system of
CHAPTER 2. MAIN CATEGORIES OF SCIENCE 2.1. Science as a system of knowledge. Fact, hypothesis, theory, concept
2.2. The concept of hypothesis: types, functions, stages of development, the concept of a version
2.3. Methodology, method, procedure - concepts, applications and examples, tests
CHAPTER 3. 3.1. Scientific research - concept, classification, features, technology and stages
3.2. Formulating the topic, problem and objective, the object and subject of scientific research, choosing a topic
3.3. Forming the hypothesis, procedure and working plan of the research
3.4. Results of scientific research: types and requirements, the concept of scientific novelty
2.2. Objects and subjects of scientific research, their classification, interrelation and interdependence
2.3. Terminology of research work, vocabulary
2.4. Levels (theoretical, empirical) and methods of scientific cognition (observation, experiment, comparison, modeling, abstraction, analysis, measurement)
3. Fundamentals of scientific and technical information 3.1. The state system of scientific and technical information
3.2. Main sources of information and their reliability and authority
3.3. Systematization of documents in organizing information retrieval 3.4. Structure of the Universal Decimal Classification
3.5. Bibliographic search for literary sources
CHAPTER 4. THE TECHNIQUE OF WORKING WITH SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE 4.1. Stages of working with literature during scientific research. Compiling a bibliography
4.2. How to properly read literary sources
4.4. Recording what has been read - abstract, excerpt, summary notes, scientific review
5. PRESENTING THE RESULTS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH § 5.1. Forms of presenting the results of scientific research
§ 5.2. Requirements for a scientific article and a scientific presentation
6. Working on the manuscript of a scientific work 6.1. Preparing the draft manuscript
6.2. Structure of a scientific work
6.3. Sectioning (rubrication) of the text of a scientific work
6.4. Techniques for presenting scientific material
6.5. Language and style of a scientific work
CHAPTER 6. SYSTEMS APPROACH, SYSTEMS THINKING, SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 6.1. The concept of a system
6.2. Systems approach
6.3. Systems thinking
6.4. Systems analysis
7. RESEARCH CREATIVITY AND HEURISTICS 7.1. The concept of heuristics
7.2. Heuristic rules
7.3. Heuristic methods - brainstorming, synectics, checklist questions, focal objects, TRIZ techniques, association, morphological analysis, scenarios, the Gordon method, target discussions, Metra
§ 8.1. Concept. Characteristics of concepts. Types of concepts - CHAPTER 8. METHODOLOGY OF WORKING WITH CONCEPTS
§ 8.2. Generic and specific concepts
§ 8.3. Определение – как логическая операция
§ 8.4. Classification as a multi-stage, branching division - its tasks and types
CHAPTER 9. GENERAL LOGICAL METHODS OF RESEARCH § 9.1. Analysis and synthesis
9.2. Deduction and induction as logical operations
§ 9.3. Analogy as a type of inductive inference, and its varieties
§ 9.4. Abstraction and generalisation in business and research activity, types of abstractions and generalisations
CHAPTER 10. THE MODELLING METHOD § 10.1. The concept of a model
§ 10.2. Classification of models
10.3. Mathematical and economic-mathematical modelling
CHAPTER 11. METHODS OF THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH 11.1. Methods of theoretical research
§ 11.2. Methods of empirical research
CHAPTER 12. ORGANISATION OF RESEARCH ACTIVITY AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH § 12.1. The concept of research activity and its types
12.2. Forms of organising research activity
12.3. Forms of financing research activity. Grants
CHAPTER 13. INFORMATION SUPPORT FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH § 13.1. Information support for scientific research
§ 13.2. Bibliographic information
§ 13.3. Internet information retrieval systems
13.4. Ukraine's national system of scientific and technical information
CHAPTER 14. TECHNOLOGY OF WORKING ON A DISSERTATION § 14.1. The system of certifying research personnel in Ukraine
§ 14.2. The process of working on a dissertation
7. Formatting academic work 7.1. Basic principles of formatting academic work
7.2. Enumerations (lists) in academic work
7.3. Tables, formulas, drawings, figures, diagrams and charts in academic work
7.4. Using quotations and formatting borrowings in academic work
7.5. Working with the bibliographic apparatus when writing academic work (a master's thesis or dissertation)
CHAPTER 15. DEFENCE OF RESEARCH RESULTS 8.1. Preliminary review of a master's thesis
8.2. Preparing for the defence of a master's thesis
8.3. The procedure for the public defence of a master's thesis, and the main criteria for evaluating a final qualification paper
§ 15.1. Preparing for the defence of a dissertation
§ 15.2. Defence of dissertation research results
CHAPTER 16. IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS § 16.1. Implementation of research results
§ 16.2. The effectiveness of research results
Academic borrowing when writing academic work
Scientific research - self-test question banks with answers and diagram-based hints
Case-control studies: their shortcomings and excesses
Scientific knowledge - essence, criteria, classification and organization
Scientific communication - types, history, purposes
Fraud in science (scientific fraud)
Open science (UNESCO): concept, principles, values, advantages and risks
Scientific research: topic tests with answers
Conclusion of the course on the fundamentals of scientific research