9.1.3 The production structure of the enterprise. Forms of internal specialization of production

Under the production structure of the enterprise understand the composition of its production units (industries, shops, farms and services), the forms of their specialization and the corresponding type and volume of cooperative ties.

The production structure has a great influence on the forms of organization of the production process in space, i.e. on the distribution of the production process of the main and auxiliary products between the relevant departments of the enterprise. It predetermines the structure of the governing bodies of the enterprise and its divisions, as well as significantly affects the technical and economic performance of the workshops and the enterprise as a whole.

Production structure can not be identified with the composition of the enterprise. In addition to its production units, it consists of households and institutions of non-production purposes: housing and communal services, hospitals, canteens, clubs, kindergartens, etc., as well as the management and security services of the enterprise.

The main production unit of the enterprise is the workshop , for the workshop - the site , for the site - the workplace ^* .

The set of production units in which production processes of a certain type are carried out forms production . In accordance with the types of production processes distinguish production: the main (procurement, processing, assembly); auxiliary (instrumental, energy, repair, etc.); serving farms (transport, storage, etc.). At an enterprise producing various products, shops, services and farms related to the production of a certain type of product, they can be combined into food production (production of microcalculators, printed circuit boards, consumer goods, etc.).

In accordance with the types of production processes, workshops are divided into main, auxiliary and servicing .

The main workshops in accordance with the three stages of production are divided into three groups:

• stockpiles - casting (iron, steel and non-ferrous casting); blacksmithing (hot stamping and forging and pressing); workshops cutting, editing and metal cutting; plastics, semiconductor materials;
• machining - mechanical (machining); cold stamping; thermal; galvanic; chemical; painting;
• assembly - nodal and main (general) assembly; assembly and assembly; electrical installation.

Auxiliary shops are also divided into three groups:

• energy - boiler rooms; compressor; gas generator; power plants or transformer substations;
• instrumental - model; stamps and accessories; cutting and measuring instruments; molds;
• repair - mechanical repair; electrical repair; mechanization and automation, etc.

Service shops and farms include:

• transport workshops - motor, electric, crane, etc .;
• warehousing - warehouses and storerooms of material values;
• testing laboratories (chemical, X-ray, etc.);
• metrological service;
• drawing house;
• archive, etc.

In the main and auxiliary workshops, in addition to the production sites, there may be the following auxiliary sites and services: repair shop workshop mechanics; sharpening area of ​​the cutting tool; instrumental handouts; plot checking and repair of measuring tools; interoperative storage room; pantry of finished parts (products); transport service, etc.

The functional and organizational separation of the processes of technical support and maintenance of the main production contributes to a better utilization of fixed assets, especially technological equipment, an increase in labor productivity, an improvement in quality and a decrease in the cost of production.

The production structures of enterprises are of great diversity and depend on the following main factors: the design features of the products; technology of its manufacture; nomenclature, production volume and labor intensity of products; forms of specialization and level of cooperation with other production units.

The more complex the design of the product manufactured by the enterprise and the larger the composition of its parts, the more complex the production structure. The increase in the range of products, the variety of materials required for the manufacture of materials, types of technology, tools and means of labor also leads to a complication of the production structure. The greater the volume of production of products and parts, the more units in the production structure. These three factors predetermine the specific composition of the main and auxiliary workshops and service farms. For example, if there are a large number of parts made from iron castings in the products and a large amount of production of such parts is produced, a cast iron workshop can be created at the enterprise. If optical components or electronic components constitute a significant share in the products, then they create an optical workshop, manufacturing shops for electronic devices, integrated circuits, etc.

The forms and level of specialization and co-operation of the enterprise as a whole and its production divisions influence the production structure differently.

Under the specialization of production understand his focus on the performance of a particular work . The higher the level of specialization of production in an enterprise and the more cooperative ties with other enterprises, the more limited the range of manufactured products, the more homogeneous the production technology, and the simpler the production structure of an enterprise ^* . The higher the level of target specialization of workshops and sites, the more difficult is the internal material and information flows in them, but then there are fewer cooperative connections between them and the more rational is the production structure of the enterprise and its workshops.

There are three forms of internal specialization : technological (functional), subject and detailed (related to the target specialization).

In the technological form, workshops and sites specialize in performing homogeneous technological processes or operations. By this principle, almost all procurement, thermal, galvanic, etc. are built. workshops. In the machining workshops form areas with the same type of equipment: turning, milling, grinding, etc. The same type of equipment simplifies the organization of its maintenance. At the same time, technological specialization complicates intra-plant and intra-shop cooperation, limits the responsibility of the heads of workshops and sites only for achieving local goals of the production process, and not for its final result.

In the substantive form, workshops and sites specialize in the complete manufacture of one or more products or assembly units (nodes, blocks), similar in design and technology. In such units there is the maximum possible technological closure of the production cycle of products. Therefore, they are often called subject-closed. Most often, in one subject-specialized workshop or site, the processing and assembly stages are combined by creating mechanical assembly shops and sites. Examples of subject-specialized workshops and sites are the workshops of cinematographic equipment, astro instruments, microcalculators, etc., sections of photo shutters, exposure meters, connectors, etc. The objective form is typical for enterprises with mass, large and medium series types of production.

With the exploded form, shops and sites specialize in the finished production of one or several groups of structurally-technologically homogeneous parts of the same or different products. In exploratory-specialized divisions, there is a maximum closure of the technological cycle for the main (for example, metalworking) process and the minimum allowable compatibility for other partial processes (heat treatment, coating, etc.), ensuring the issuance of finished parts. Detailed specialization of workshops and sites is typical for factories of mass and large-scale production. This progressive form is also effective for machining shops and sites with medium, small-scale and individual types of production.

Subject and explosive forms of specialization of workshops and sites have a number of indisputable advantages over technological:

• increases the level of specialization of jobs by reducing the range of workpieces;
• interdepartmental and interpart cooperation is sharply reduced and simplified;
• the flow of production increases, and the movement paths of the objects of labor are reduced ^* ;
• loss of time for changeover of equipment and for interoperational breaks is reduced, as a result of which the duration of the production cycle is reduced;
• the responsibility of the managers of workshops and sites for the production of finished products or finished parts of products at a given time, for their quantity and quality, is increased;
• production planning is improved;
• favorable conditions are created for the introduction of group and in-line production methods, integrated mechanization and automation of production processes. All these advantages also lead to a significant increase in the labor productivity of workers, a reduction in the cost of production and the improvement of other technical and economic indicators.

The overall assessment of the structural, technical, organizational, social and economic characteristics of production under technological, subject and sub-specific forms of specialization can be expressed in the ratio 1: 4: 7.

These estimates suggest that the introduction of the subject and sub-specific forms of specialization should be an important direction for improving the production structure during the reconstruction of existing and design of new enterprises.