2. Study criminal jargon

The objectives of the study of criminal jargon. Theoretical aspect
The study of criminal jargon, its occurrence, development and functioning is necessary for psycholinguistics, semasiology and related language sciences1. This allows you to more deeply reveal the general patterns of speech activity, as well as the role of signals and symbols in this activity.
The practical significance of the study of criminal jargon lies in the fact that by its prevalence it is possible to study the level of development of crime in a country2, to judge the degree of its organization and professionalization. The better organized crime, the more corporate it is, the greater the need for criminal communities in their own language, the faster the criminal jargon develops.
Professionalization of criminal activity, the emergence of new types of crime are reflected primarily in the dictionary. Changes in the vocabulary can be judged on the changes occurring in the nature of crime, the emergence of new types of criminal trade, new criminal communities and categories of criminals, new ways of committing crimes, the invention of objects and tools of criminal activity, ways to hide traces, etc. The emergence, for example, of such terms as "orange", "laurel" indicates a serious process in the environment of "thieves in law": the emergence of "thieves in law" who did not pass the thieves 'experience, have no merit before the "thieves' society", "precocious "who bought" the title of thieves for money (most often they are representatives of Georgian nationality in the community of thieves); the emergence of organized criminal groups contributed to the emergence of terms such as "machine gunner", "infantryman", denoting ordinary members of the group, the growth of terrorism - the term "killer" (assassin), etc.
Criminal slang is an important means of studying the psychology of the individual and groups of criminals. According to the changes in the dictionary, you can make a conclusion about the changes occurring in different criminal groups, changes in the hierarchy of certain "castes" of criminals. Thus, the appearance of corrupt crime led to the emergence of the criminal jargon terms used in the West: "roof", "godfather", taxi mafia - "bombili", etc. In terms of criminal jargon, one can judge the dynamics of the main thieves' ideas, the emergence of new thieves' laws, the decisions of thieves' gatherings or their translations.
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1 Leontiev A.A., Shakhnarovich AM, Blatov V.I. Speech in forensics I | forensic psychology. M., 1977. * $
2 Ivanova I. Mordoglyad as a mirror of the criminal world. // confrontation. 1994, |
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formations. Thus, a measure of rapid response of the thieves' community to new ways of actions by law enforcement agencies became a “mandate” (a law adopted by any three “thieves in law” and binding on all members of the community).
According to the degree of possession of criminal jargon, one can study the psychology of the personality of a particular criminal (prisoner, convict), determine his belonging to a certain criminal community (thieves, robbers, racketeers, rapists, fraudsters, drug addicts, homeless, etc.) who have their own attitudes and attitudes to the law, the rules of human society, moral values; the degree of its criminal infection; the internal attitude of the subject to work, discipline, public and private property, to other people, representatives of government and law enforcement, etc. According to the individual vocabulary, one can also characterize the microenvironment, social group (gang, team, pack, brigade, etc.), of which this teenager or young person is a member, its norms, values, and attitudes.
Studying the jargon of minors and young offenders, one can understand their views on life, especially the deformation of the individual, attitude to their social responsibilities. Tracing the dynamics of the development of the jargon of minors and young people, it is possible to more clearly present the social processes that take place in their environment and fuel their unlawful behavior, as well as work out specific measures to combat crime. We must not forget that criminal jargon, like any language, is a bearer of tradition, experience, and culture of a social community, in this case a bearer of the criminal subculture.
Knowledge of criminal jargon helps to understand the psychology of specific groups of criminals. After all, one of the functions of criminal jargon is the desire to give a caste character (cla-news) to life and criminal activity, to isolate oneself from "strangers". It is necessary to remind law enforcement officers, persons engaged in preventive work, employees of closed correctional and educational institutions that ignorance of criminal jargon may adversely affect the effectiveness of their activities. An ignorant person will not understand anything of words such as accidentally heard in a transport, such as an attic, a consulate, an insider, a shopkeeper, a queue, a cheekbone, a cain, etc. But to the professional, this will tell a lot about pickpockets, about what “suit” the young criminal belongs to. Hearing the words: ban, screw out the two corners, the professional will determine that there are thieves in front of him, who train at the stations for stealing luggage. Having heard such words as “everyone on the runway”, “humer”, “kaliki”, “wide”, “studs” at a school break in a teenagers conversation, the teacher should understand that teenagers are ready to use drugs through vein injection, it means you need to strengthen control. The study of criminal jargon - the subject of special educational research. The study of criminal jargon is similar to the analysis of student speech errors by a teacher of Russian (national) language. Such an analysis is carried out not in order to repeat the mistakes of students (in our case, use criminal jargon in their speech), but in order to cultivate a culture of speech in them.
How to study the prevalence of criminal jargon in adolescent environments? Here will help the permanent recording of words and expressions used by minors, which could be attributed to the terms of criminal jargon, followed by a search for their meanings in the dictionaries of criminal jargon. At the same time, it must be remembered that a significant part of such words is borrowed from a spoken language and outside the context of a specific speech communication does not have jargon. For example, the "fur coat" is the fur coat, and the "pitchfork" is an economic tool. In fact, in the expression “while there is no fur coat” it means that there is no danger, “forks have appeared” - danger is approaching. The same is true for “wheels”, which are wheels in Russian, but criminals have shoes, shoes, legs, eyes, and drug addicts have narcotic pills.
Criminal jargon has a high adaptability to social reality, as evidenced by the large number of synonyms in its structure, their constant replenishment.
Teenage crime is gradually, as well as adult, professionalized, therefore the criminal jargon gradually acquires the character of a professional language. Its vocabulary is composed of words belonging to different languages, dialects, slangs, characterized by the greatest brightness and imagery of sound. The development of international relations in the criminal world, the emergence of Russian crime n "; the international arena could not but affect the development of utoM] slang. The term" Ivan "turned out to be obsolete, denoting the leader of the gang; at present, the" boss " English, boss - boss, boss, big shot; from German der Boss - boss, bosses with some kind of organization); instead of the term "pal" (friend, classmate) is used "Kent" (presumably from him. kennen - to know, kent - familiar, well-known, not requiring study; from English, kind - gender, family, native).
When studying criminal jargon, it should be borne in mind that it contains several structural layers:
- expressions and terms used simultaneously in youth slang and criminal jargon;
- expressions and terms, used simultaneously in everyday communication in different criminal orientation groups of minors and young people (thieves 'jargon, racketeers' jargon, prostitutes, fraudsters, robbers, robbers, etc.);
- expressions and terms used by criminal elements in the military environment (military criminal jargon);
- expressions and terms used by minors and young people in places of social exclusion (prison jargon);
- expressions and terms used in the "elite" criminal environment (the language of the mafia and corrupt elements).
The following terms of the military criminal jargon are used most often in the training units of the armed forces and show how widespread it is among young people:
1. The cock - cadet, an ordinary training unit
2. Woodpecker - cadet, at the beginning of the service standing at the fighting post. It happened from the fact that for every noise, a shout can respond with a queue, "fraction"
3. Solobon - soldier from the moment of conscription to the first six months of service
4. Young - a soldier from 6 months. service up to 12 months

5. Scoop - service life from 12 to 18 months
6. Grandfather - service life from 18 to 24 months
7. Demob - a soldier after the order of the Minister of Defense before the actual transfer to the reserve
8. Rubonok - a soldier who seeks to get sergeant's patches without taking up the relevant position
9. Piece - a soldier occupying a command position (squadron, crew, crew)
10. Castle - a soldier holding the post of deputy. com platoon (senior sergeant)
11. Sverch (tick) - a member of the extra-military service, occupying command positions in the rank from private to foreman
12. Prapor - the same, but in the rank of ensign
13. Rex - soldier of a separate commandant.
companies
14. Ment - the daily serviceman who stepped in to guard the guardhouse
15. Gubar - a soldier held in the guardhouse in a disciplinary procedure.
16. A crook is the same, only contained in the guardhouse for the crime committed (preventive measure)
17. Solyara - the common name of the army personnel in the subdivisions of the DS and Airborne Forces
18. Berets - the general name of the elite special forces
19. Cucumber - a soldier of the border troops
20. Blue - warrior paratrooper
21. A wheel - the military man, the driver of the military vehicle
22. Trunk - gunner of combat vehicle weapons
23. Pahan - Deputy. com reconnaissance groups, the second man after the commander, who fully knows the task of the group
24. Violinist (musician) - radio operator of a reconnaissance group, usually working on a station of the type R-105
25. Footcloth - a soldier performing the functions of a copter
26. Deprivation of virginity - the first three-day reconnaissance exit with overcoming a distance of at least 150 km
27. Shmurdyak is a worthless person who has not manifested himself in anything
28. Dundar - the same as shmurdyak, only harmless
29. Clamp - brother in arms, appeal as an equal. Nicknames in the intelligence unit are given solely for personal qualities, the use, the use of surnames in nicknames is not allowed
30. Scarecrow - the same thing, e as the pig, zachuhany
31. Schmir (Chmyr) - a morally descending soldier
32. Armor - the general name of the military equipment used
for group delivery
33. Screw (spinner) - a helicopter used as a group delivery vehicle
34. Tweezers - a soldier who is responsible in the scouting group for honey. security
35. Tablet - ambulance, ambulance helicopter used to evacuate the wounded.
36. Columbine - a car with a mobile cinema, hiking club
37. Pandora - manual machine gun
38. Guitar - hand grenade launcher
39. Fly - manual disposable grenade launcher
40. Swotting - bombing assault
41. Little Red Riding Hood - General
42. Polkan - Colonel
43. Batya - Combat
44. Pop (priest) - deputy politician, political commissar
45. Snot - grub on a chase
46. ​​Boot - a soldier of the ground forces
47. Cord (cord) - a paratrooper
48. Canned food - helmet
49. Hawk is a dry meal
50. Rusak - a soldier of Slavic nationality
51. Fountain - bath
Criminal lingo quickly penetrates the daily speech of law-abiding teens, as well as into literary language. Therefore, it would be wrong to assume that adolescents and young people join the criminal jargon only when they get into places of social isolation (detention center, reception center, special school, colony). In such institutions, they already receive the daily practice of using it, if the educators do not fight with it. The beginning of the initiation of juveniles to criminal jargon is associated with the time when they go to school and sometimes do not go to school. Many preschool children, especially those whose parents were serving a sentence, easily use such terms of criminal jargon as "cop", "cop," "trash", "goat", "padla" and other offensive words for police officers. A powerful source of mastery of criminal jargon are modern Russian film fighters, as well as detective literature that adolescents are fond of. Particularly intense is the mastery of criminal jargon when a teenager enters a criminal group, when there is a real need to use it.
The ease of spreading criminal jargon in adolescents and youth. Criminal jargon is especially easy to spread among minors and young people. This is due to its imagery, expressiveness, mystery, irony that attracts adolescents and young people. Let's compare: the word “run away” in the jargon sounds “to tear claws”, speak nonsense - “turn the dynamo”, raise a slander on a person - “glue the humpback to the wall”, appear, come - “draw”, leave, disappear - “slip away”, to face a strong rival grouping - “fly into the tigerbed”, etc. Taunt, sarcasm, taunts, irony, figurativeness, memorability are essential features of criminal jargon. In this regard, criminal jargon is in many ways similar to youth slang, also emotionally intense, ironic, expressive. For example, a cunning man - "Borman", old-fashioned shoes - "bastards", a foreigner - "hamburger", poor and miserable man - "Carlson", strange - "purple", the highest degree of approval - "I'm in anguish", etc.
Criminal jargon is used as a means of depersonalizing an individual. Bad people are "goats", "rats", "garbage", "pigs", "wafflers", "swotting" (common girl), "rotten", "padla", etc. With the help of jargon, without resorting to the mat, you can trample on the dignity and honor of a person who dislikes a given criminal group, especially from among "alien", law-abiding citizens and female representatives.
At the same time, with the help of criminal jargon, criminals are trying to identify the phenomena, events and actions that are most common in their life and criminal activities, to ennoble them, to make them acceptable or innocent. The rapist does not say that he is sitting for rape (Art. 131 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), he says, “I am going under a youth article,” “I got for breaking into a shaggy safe.” The offender will not say that he committed a crime, robbed, made a robbery attack, and answer "triggered the case", "walked around the screen", etc. The thief did not kidnap, did not steal, but “bought”, “audited”, “congratulated on a good morning” (burglary), etc. Very seldom they say: “I am from such a gang”, and more often: “I am from the crew (crew, office, brigade) such and such”. Criminals prefer to designate their criminal activities "honest words." They adhere to the same line and designate their behavior in places of detention. This is one of the elements of the psychological protection of the individual against the official accusations.
What is interesting is that in criminal jargon, not a single word is pronounced neutral, but more often with a tattleout, with unconcealed disregard. The speaker, as a rule, seeks to show off, to hurt someone, hurt, discredit, "put in place." In oral speech, neglect and mockery are complemented by echidic-ironic intonation expressed in words and the same mimicry. Therefore, it is not by chance that a significant part of the words of criminal jargon, while not being obscene, obscene, is obscene, abusive in nature, especially if they are addressed to women, law enforcement officers, and people who are outcast. For example, women of easy behavior in the jargon are called "dabs", "wallets", "mnogostanochnitsami", "lakshovki", "washcloths", "leftovers", "Peaks", "toadstools", "bedding", "simple", "overtime" "," sows "and others; persons from the bottom - "plebeians", "shell", "greens", "peas", and in the army - "mammoths", "teapots", "meat", "spirits", "skulls", etc. This terminology and obscene language not only hurt the ears, but also offend people, corrupt others, reduce their moral standards, and destroy relationships between people, causing retaliatory rudeness, rudeness, inhuman behavior and actions. Therefore, interpersonal and intergroup conflicts in the criminal environment for this reason are so frequent.
The danger of criminal jargon is that it enters the daily life of not only the criminal environment, but also law-abiding citizens. This is facilitated not only by detective literature, but also by the periodical press, as well as by persons who have passed through places of imprisonment (there are up to 20% of such adults).
The specifics of juvenile criminal jargon. This specificity lies in the fact that, due to the age characteristics of its carriers, it is used by adolescents more intensively. It is a constant process of word formation: it is common for adolescents to “invent” certain terms themselves. This means that adolescent youthful jargon is distinguished by increased dynamism, which makes it difficult to fight it.
Another feature is that the youth slang includes youth slang in a transformed form, it parasitizes the vocabulary of the native language and functions due to its vocabulary, phonetics, syntax, grammatical laws.
Here is a poem known in the criminal subculture:

Mac hilayu, zyryu - kent,
And behind him the cop dodges.
On the side of the two - Krina - Kiryuha.
Filed here ryabuha;
Were in sharaban
And we rushed to the ban.
Night lucky was:
Two angle screwdrivers.
Lepen, kempel, prokhorya.
We were bombing for a reason.
Cain is our good man,
He threw us some pennies.
Pokumekav and syak
We poke into the tavern.
There we cops tied,
We tied it up.
I walk, see a friend
And he is followed by operas.
For you, my friend, are watching.
Then a taxi arrived.
Got into the car
And we went to the station.
The night was successful:
They stole two suitcases.
They have a suit, a cap, boots.
We worked in vain.
Our buyer is a good person.
Gave us some money.
Thinking and weighing everything,
We went to a restaurant.
There we were arrested by the police.
This ended our activities.

Here we see that the jargon "virus", parasitizing on the linguistic laws of the native language, provides not only connectedness of speech, its rhythm, compliance with the laws of versification, but also mutual understanding in verbal communication.
Parasitic existence and vocabulary replenishment of criminal jargon occurs at the expense of the native language and other national languages ​​by:
1) using the lexical law of dysphemisms (reverse euphemisms), i.e. formation of tropes for the replacement of decent, natural words in this context by obscene, vulgar, rude;
2) rethinking the meaning of words;
3) the use of words in a completely different meaning or the construction of new words. We give examples. Thus, the criminal investigation department is called a “fortune teller,” “kicker,” “gray gangster,” “damn company.” Rethinking the meaning of words can be seen in the following examples: court hearing - "wedding", the seller of prohibited goods - "doctor", colony - "academy", "institute of improvement", fingerprints - "play the piano", cheat - "mow", tutor - "pop", intimidate - "snore", danger - "fur coat".
Thus, words borrowed from colloquial and literary language can be used in criminal jargon in a new capacity on the basis of similarity: “ride a horse” - steal a motorcycle (common in landing and movement), “carriage” - a car, “driver” - a taxi driver ( by functional purpose); on the basis of opposition: “curly” - bald man, “anthracite” - white narcotic powder, “baby” - overweight and large woman.
The construction of new words can be seen in the following examples: "Spermotozavr" - a donor who donates sperm to a medical institution; man of great sexual potential; "stool" - vodka made from wood alcohol; "Toshnilovka" - a pub, a snack bar, an administrative committee of the executive committee.
Existing due to the phonetic, grammatical and syntactic norms of the native language, the jargon of minors and young people violates all its spelling laws: most slang words have a discrepancy in pronunciation and spelling, for example: Th (and) firm, width (e), etc. Teenagers and young people tend to emphasize the scabrousness of certain expressions, coarsen the already rude nature of criminal jargon1.
We have already emphasized that one of the sources of replenishment of criminal jargon are the national languages ​​of the peoples of the former USSR, as well as foreign languages. This borrowing is influenced by a number of factors. Over 70 million people of the former USSR live on the territories of other states. Only Russians turned out to be outside of Russia for more than 25 million people. Practically representatives of all nationalities of the former USSR live on the territory of Russia. In addition, in schools, lyceums and colleges, not only one, but also several foreign languages ​​are intensively introduced. But not only that. Recently, domestic criminals, including minors, are entering the international arena. So, Russian racketeers operating in Poland are “... as a rule, fluent in Polish, well-dressed young people

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1 Vereshchagin E. Scorchion. // Week, 1991, № P.
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these guys, all with Western-made cars "1. Traffickers" who sell Russian prostitutes to other countries; drug dealers united with international drug mafia; youth thieves and robbers chasing Russian "shuttle traders" in other countries - an incomplete list of the activities of Russian criminals abroad. "Against compatriots, modern technology is used here, sleeping drugs, etc." 2. At the same time, Russian criminals are united and act with criminal Kami of those countries into which they penetrate. In turn, foreign criminals penetrate into the territory of Russia and act together with Russian criminals. Among criminals and criminal gangs consisting of Russian citizens operating abroad are mostly dominated by young people (up to 25 28 years).
It is natural that joint criminal activities of multilingual criminal groups, their interaction require the study and knowledge of foreign languages. It is known that minors and young people, once in the territories of other states, adapt more quickly to a foreign language environment. They quickly find the loopholes that can be used abroad for committing crimes and enrichment. And criminal jargon helps them a lot.
Thus, crossing borders, organized crime contributes to the spread of criminal jargon, which is gradually becoming an international phenomenon. Often, despite the distortions of foreign or foreign words, it is not difficult to restore their etymology. For example, in German - “frey”, in the jargon - “fraer” (free man) (diphthong “to her” in Russian is pronounced “ai” - “fry”; “fry” + suffix “er” = “fryer” ; "and" is not written, but pronounced). Take another German word - “banhof”, in the jargon - “ban” (“bathhouse attendant”), or “kurve” (turn, deviation), in the slang word - “to be funny”, “kurva” (person who deviates from the accepted norms of behavior) . The word "Kutok" ("doss-house") came from the Polish language, and in the jargon was "nook" or "thieves' kutok" (a room in the colony where thieves gather).
Criminal jargon is significantly replenished due to professional vocabulary, especially born scientific and technical
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1 export racket // Moskovskaya Pravda. 1991, March 14th.
2 Vstruhov E. Behind bars // Izvestia. 1991, March 11th.

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What a revolution. These lexemes are actively included in adolescent vocabulary:
1) the use of old terms to refer to new technical means: "canary" - a police car, "carriage" - a taxi, "nag" - a car, "mare" - a moped, "box" - a telephone, "basement" - a subway, "a cart "- tram, trolley bus;
2) borrowing new terms to refer to old phenomena: "helicopter" - empty man, "locators" - ears, "lean on" - sit in a restaurant, "reactor" - moonshine, "TV" - bedside table, "privatize" - steal to rob;
3) the use of new terms to designate new phenomena: “democratizer” - police baton, “voucher” - 10 thousand rubles, male penis, “insert voucher” - to have sexual intercourse, to deceive;
4) the use of old terms to refer to new phenomena: "infantryman", "machine gunner" - an ordinary member of the gang, "bandager" - a public man in the colony, "haidamashit" - to serve as a warrior;
5) the use of words in pairs: the new - to refer to the old, and the old - to denote new phenomena: "TV" - the closet, "closet" - the TV, "basement" - the subway, "underground" - the basement.
As noted, minors and young people are actively transforming youth slang into criminal jargon. At the same time, the words and expressions of youth slang can be used both literally and figuratively. For example, the "crib", "spur" - a hint in the lesson, but also a hint about the behavior of the investigation, in court, when talking with the "godfather" (operative worker), with the confrontation.
The juvenile and juvenile criminal slang differs by region. Offenders living in Primorye or the Krasnodar Territory will have differences in criminal jargon. This is well illustrated by the example of stratification of adolescents in the criminal hierarchy. If in the Khabarovsk Territory the leaders of criminal groups are called "cones", then in Kazan "winders" - "old men", "authors", and in the Kostroma colony - "tillage", "knoll". Preferred are called: in Mogilev - "clean", "medium", in the Baltic countries - "cormorants", in the Krasnodar Territory - "thieves", in Kazan "winders" - "average", in the Volgograd special school - "travel", in the army же - "черпаками", а на флоте - "карасями" и т.п.
High dynamism, inconstancy of the vocabulary, frequent replacement of some terms by others, their rethinking is one of the regularities in the existence of juvenile criminal jargon, due to the age characteristics of minors and young people, their high speech activity, the desire to create new terms and immediately put them into circulation. Any new phenomenon in the criminal environment is immediately understood and indicated.
Youth jargon can be differentiated by group basis. Its content depends on the criminal orientation of a particular criminal group, its composition, structure, level of culture and character traits of the leader. Narrow group jargon ensures the continuity of its norms, values, traditions and attitudes.