Lecture
1. Anhedonia – the loss of the ability to experience positive emotions or a blunting of positive emotions.
2. Agnosia (recognition) – a disturbance of the processes of recognizing objects and phenomena with preserved consciousness and functioning sense organs, observed in lesions of certain areas of the cerebral cortex.
3. Agoraphobia – an obsessive fear of open spaces (squares, streets).
4. Acrophobia (hypsophobia) – an obsessive fear of heights, of depths.
5. Algophobia–an obsessive fear of pain.
6. Ambivalence (psychic duality) – the simultaneous occurrence of opposite feelings toward
the same object or person.
7. Amentia (amentive syndrome, amentive clouding of consciousness) − a form of clouding of consciousness with a predominance of incoherent speech,
motor activity, and disorganization.
8. Amnesia – complete loss from memory of events, facts, and phenomena that occurred in a certain time period, or
loss from memory of one or another specific situation.
9. Amnestic syndromes - a symptom complex combining memory impairment for current events (fixation amnesia),
disorientation in time, surroundings, and place, and the presence of false memories.
10. Anesthesia (Greek anaisthesia, insensibility) – loss of sensitivity, disappearance of sensations, loss of the ability to feel
various types of stimulation. Characteristic of coma, stupor, hysterical, and neurotic syndromes.
11. Anthropophobia – an obsessive fear of contact with people in general, regardless of sex or age.
12. Apathy (Greek, insensibility) – a disorder of the emotional-volitional sphere manifested by indifference toward oneself, others,
and events, an absence of desires and drives, and complete inactivity.
13. Aprosexia (Greek aprosexia, inattentiveness) - a decline in the ability to actively direct and fix attention.
14. Asthenic syndrome (asthenia) − a state of increased fatigability, irritability, and unstable mood,
combined with autonomic symptoms and sleep disturbances.
15. Astraphobia – an obsessive fear of thunder (lightning).
16. Autism – a disturbance of social bonds, loss of contact with reality, and withdrawal into oneself, into a world of inner experience .
17. Affect (Lat. experience) – a brief intense emotional agitation (an emotional reaction of great intensity) occurring with arousal, accompanied by pantomimic and autonomic manifestations.
18. Affective (emotional) syndromes − psychopathological states in the form of persistent changes in mood,
most often manifesting as its decrease (depression) or increase (mania) and apatoabulic syndrome.
19. Verbigeration – a speech stereotypy: rhythmic monotonous
repetition of some word or phrase, sometimes a meaningless stringing together of similar-sounding words or syllables.
20. Vertigophobia – an obsessive fear of dizziness.
21. Attention – this is the directedness and concentration
of mental activity on a particular object or type of activity,
which holds particular significance for the individual at the moment of activity.
22. Will – this is a person's conscious organization and self-regulation
of their activity and behavior, directed at overcoming difficulties
in achieving set goals.
23. Perception − this is a mental process, the reflection of objects and
phenomena in the totality of their concrete sensory properties, − this is a holistic
reflection of the phenomena and objects of the surrounding world.
24. Hallucinations (delusion) − these are vivid sensory images,
brought by a pathological process to the vividness of perception, that is −
perception without an object.
25. Hebephrenia – a condition in which a disturbance
of the thought process and the emotional sphere is noted.
26. Hematophobia – an obsessive fear of blood.
27. Gerontophilia – a pathological attraction to elderly
persons.
28. Hydrophobia – an obsessive fear of water.
29. Gynecophobia – an obsessive fear of contact with women.
30. Hyperbulia – pathologically increased volitional activity.
31. Hyperesthesia - a sharp increase in sensitivity to
the action of ordinary or even weak, often indifferent
stimuli, an increase in the ability to sense various types
of stimulation.
32. Hypermnesia - an enhancement of memory.
33. Hyperthymia – a pathologically elevated mood,
accompanied by a feeling of joy, strength, and an energetic upsurge
(«cheerfulness spilling over the brim»), sharply reducing the depth and
directedness of cognitive processes.
34. Hyperthymia – a pathologically elated mood, often
contagious.
35. Hypobulia – a pathological decrease in will, in which the strength
of motives and drives is reduced, and the determination and maintenance
of any goal is impaired.
36. Hypomnesia – a gradual weakening or partial loss
of memory.
37. Hypermnesia – an enhancement of memory.
38. Hypesthesia − a decrease in sensitivity to external
stimuli. Observed in alcohol and drug intoxication,
delirium, stupor, and depressive and hysterical states.
39. Hypothymia – a pathologically lowered mood, experienced
as sadness, sorrow, gloom, dejection, depression, grief, a heaviness of heart,
a feeling of hopelessness, accompanied by a feeling of physical
ill-being, passivity, helplessness, and suicidal thoughts and
actions.
40. Homosexuality – obtaining sexual satisfaction from a person
of one's own sex, with indifference toward persons of the opposite sex.
41. Mild mental retardation (debility) – capable of learning, coherent speech, suggestible,
lacking the capacity for abstract thinking (IQ=50–70).
42. Delirious syndrome (delirium) − clouding of consciousness with
a predominance of true visual hallucinations and illusions,
a labile affect in which fear predominates, and motor
agitation.
43. Dementia – acquired mental deficiency (occurring after age 3).
44. Dentophobia – an obsessive fear of dentists,
the dental chair, and instruments.
45. Derealization – a feeling of unreality, of the strangeness to the patient
of the surrounding world, which is perceived indistinctly, unclearly, as
something colorless, frozen, artificial, unreal.
46. Dipsomania – an irresistible craving
for drink, accompanied by severe episodes of alcohol abuse.
47. Dysmnesias – these are quantitative memory disturbances,
occurring in the form of hypermnesia, hypomnesia, and amnesia.
48. Dysphoria – a pathologically lowered mood,
accompanied by an irritably gloomy-malicious, somber feeling.
49. Dromomania – an impulsive urge to change one's location, an urge
to run away from home, to wander and change places, observed in various
mental illnesses.
50. Zoophilia – sexual relations with animals.
51. Zoophobia – an obsessive fear of contact with animals.
52. Idiocy – lacking the capacity for self-care, gross
developmental disturbances, undeveloped speech (IQ <20);
53. Illusions (to play with something, to deceive) − this is a distorted
perception of a real object actually existing in the external
environment.
54. Imbecility – capable of self-care, not capable of learning
(IQ=20–50);
55. Intelligence – the totality of all cognitive processes,
the ability to acquire knowledge and skills, and the ability to
apply them in practical activity.
56. Interoceptors − carry information about the state of the internal
environment and are divided into proprioceptors and interoceptors proper.
57. Incest – sexual relations between close blood
relatives.
58. Hypochondriacal syndrome − conviction of having a serious
illness, manifesting as obsessive, overvalued ideas or
delusions.
59. Hypochondria − excessive apprehension about developing
an illness.
60. Hysterical syndrome − a symptom complex of psychic,
autonomic, motor, and sensory disturbances, often arising in
immature, infantile, egocentric individuals after psychological
trauma.
61. Cancerophobia – fear of developing an oncological disease,
62. Cardiophobia – fear of any cardiovascular disease.
63. Catalepsy (waxy flexibility) – manifests as an increase
in muscle tone (this phenomenon develops gradually, starting with the muscles
of the neck and shoulders, and then spreading throughout the body), as a result of which the patient's body
can maintain an imposed position for a long time, even if
the posture is extremely uncomfortable.
64. Catatonic syndrome (catatonia) − a symptom complex
of mental disorders in which motor disturbances predominate in
the form of motor retardation, mutism, and muscular hypertonicity
(catatonic stupor), or in the form of hyperkinesis (catatonic
excitement).
65. Claustrophobia – an obsessive fear of enclosed spaces,
rooms (an apartment, an elevator).
66. Kleptomania or impulsive theft – an unmotivated
urge to steal.
67. Coma (deep sleep) – loss of consciousness with complete loss
of perception of the surrounding world, of oneself, and of other signs of mental
activity; the eyes are closed; if the patient's eyelids are lifted, one can
see a fixed gaze or conjugate floating movements
of the eyeballs.
68. Computed tomography (CT) allows layer-by-layer examination of
the density of brain matter using X-ray scanning followed by
computer processing of the image.
69. Confabulations («fabrications of memory», «hallucinations of memory»,
«delusions of imagination») - gaps in memory are filled with fabrication,
one «remembers» something that in fact never happened.
70. Coprolalia – the impulsive utterance of foul words and
obscene curses. This symptom may be observed in
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.
71. Korsakoff syndrome – a combination of memory disorders for
current events (with preservation of memory for more distant events) and
disorientation in place and time with the presence of confabulations.
72. Cryptomnesia - hidden memories, in which
an alienation or appropriation of memories occurs.
73. Lacunar dementia - affects only certain areas
of mental activity: memory, attention.
74. Masochism – obtaining pleasure from being tormented by a person
of the opposite sex.
75. Macropsia – the size of visible objects appears larger
than it actually is
76. Mania – a mental disorder accompanied by a feeling
of joy, lightness, elevated mood, and affect of anger.
77. Mentism (a rush of thoughts) – an involuntarily arising,
continuous and uncontrollable stream of thoughts, memories, a «whirlwind of ideas»,
a rush of images and representations against the patient's will.
78. Mysophobia – an obsessive fear of contamination.
79. Micropsia – the size of visible objects appears smaller
than it actually is
80. Mythomania – an irresistible urge to lie, to deceive. Sometimes
this is observed in hysterical individuals seeking to attract
attention to themselves.
81. Moria – cheerful excitement with foolishness, childishness,
clowning, and a tendency toward flat and crude jokes; always
accompanied by symptoms of intellectual decline, dementia.
82. Motivation – a subjectively colored state, arising
on the basis of activation of brain structures, that prompts a person to perform
actions aimed at satisfying their needs.
83. Mutism – loss of verbal contact with others while
the speech apparatus is preserved, an unmotivated refusal to speak;
84. Thinking – a category of mental activity specific to humans
– a mediated, abstract, generalized cognition of phenomena
of the external world, their essence, and the connections existing between them,
carried out through mental operations (analysis and synthesis,
comparison and differentiation, judgments, inferences, etc.)
85. Drug addiction – a morbid condition characterized
by phenomena of psychological and physical dependence, an insistent
need for repeated, multiple use of psychoactive
substances, taking the form of an irresistible urge.
86. Narcissism – obtaining pleasure from contemplating one's own
naked body in a mirror.
87. Mood – a prolonged, stable emotional state,
that is relatively neutral in character, but has some
tinge expressing the presence of comfort or discomfort in the organism and
the environment.
88. Neurotic syndromes − psychopathological syndromes in
which disorders characteristic of neurasthenia, obsessive-compulsive
neurosis, or hysteria are observed.
89. Negativism – senseless opposition,
an unmotivated refusal of the patient to perform any actions,
sometimes in the form of the opposite action (active negativism);
90. Necrophilia – pathological attraction to corpses.
91. Necrophobia – obsessive fear of the dead, of corpses.
92. Neologism – the formation of new words, unusual, the meaning
of which is understood only by the patient.
93. Nyctophobia – obsessive fear of darkness.
94. Nosophobia – obsessive fear of becoming ill.
95. Obsessive syndrome (obsessive-compulsive syndrome) −
a psychopathological state with a predominance of phenomena of obsession.
96. Stupefaction (obtundation) – depression of consciousness, characterized by
a moderate or significant decrease in the level of wakefulness,
drowsiness, an increased threshold of perception of all external stimuli,
torpidity of mental processes.
97. Oxyphobia – obsessive fear of sharp objects.
98. Oneiroid syndrome − a dreamlike clouding of consciousness with
a flood of fantastic visual pseudohallucinations.
99. Sensation (a mental process) − a reflection of individual
properties and qualities of objects and phenomena of the objective world, arising
as a result of their action on receptor zones and excitation of the nerve
centers of the cerebral cortex.
100. Palimpsest - a memory disorder in the form of loss of memories
of individual events that took place the day before, when the patient was in
a state of intoxication, with the possibility of reproducing the general course of events.
101. Memory – this is a mental process that performs the function
of accumulating, storing, and driving the reproduction of experience (representations)
of a person's sensory and rational cognition of the surrounding environment and
of himself, which ensures his differentiated adaptation.
102. Parabulia – a distortion of will, represented by various
catatonic symptoms:
103. Paralogia (unreasonable) – characterized by a loss of logical
connections, an inability to draw correct conclusions arising from
logical premises.
104. Paramnesia – a qualitative disturbance of memory, manifesting in
the form of pseudoreminiscences, cryptomnesia, confabulations.
105. Paraphrenic syndrome (delusion of imagination) − represents
a combination of fantastic delusions of grandeur with a more or less
systematized delusion of persecution or influence.
106. Passive submissiveness – the patient cannot
resist the orders of those around him and fully carries them out,
regardless of their content;
107. Pathological affect – a short-term mental
disorder in response to a traumatic experience, leading to
exhaustion of mental processes, inadequate in strength and quality to
the stimulus, accompanied by violent motor and
vasovegetative manifestations, a sharp narrowing, and then clouding of
consciousness, characterized by partial or complete amnesia.
108. Pedophilia – pathological attraction to children (mentally
retarded).
109. Perseveration – repetition of the same words, sentences in
response to various questions, despite the patient's desire to move
to another topic or the doctor's attempts to introduce new stimuli.
110. Pettophobia – obsessive fear, fear of being unable to hold intestinal
gases in the presence of strangers.
111. Pyromania – an irresistible attraction to arson,
unmotivated, suddenly arising, but not accompanied by
a change in consciousness.
112. Polydipsia – increased fluid consumption, unquenchable
thirst (endocrine diseases).
113. Polyesthesia (feeling, sensation) – this is a disturbance of
surface sensitivity, in which irritation of one point
is perceived as irritation of many points in neurotic
syndromes, depressions, senestopathic (paranoiac, paranoid,
paraphrenic), affective-delusional and psychoorganic syndromes.
114. Representation − a trace of a former perception, an image of an object (or
phenomenon), reproduced in consciousness on the basis of past impressions or
through imagination.
115. Proprioceptors − carry information about the position of the body and
the mutual position of the limbs.
116. Pseudoreminiscences - erroneous memories of events
that actually occurred, but distorted, incorrectly correlated in
time and place.
117. Psychoanalysis − a dynamic direction in psychotherapy.
118. Psychosensory disorders – a complex distortion of the perception
of the external world and one's own body, in which it is not
the sensations that are disturbed, but their synthesis – sensory synthesis.
119. Rationalization (reasoning mania) – fruitless discoursing («fruitless
philosophizing»), with a predominance of lengthy abstract, often not very
substantive or vague reasoning on general topics, a tendency to use pompous expressions, unjustified use of
scientific terms, philosophical reasoning on general topics.
120. Rheoencephalography (REG) is based on studying the electrical
resistance of brain tissue.
121. Sadism – obtaining sexual pleasure from tormenting a person
of the opposite sex (psychopaths). It can be physical and
psychological.
122. Senestopathy (disease, suffering) − psychosomatic
sensations develop from simple (somatic sensations) to complex,
polymorphous, bizarre with unusual localization. Observed during
withdrawal from intoxication with psychostimulants, in the withdrawal syndrome
of cannabinoids, hypnotics, psychostimulants, inhalants.
123. Syndrome – a stable set of symptoms, united
by a single pathogenetic mechanism.
124. Synesthesia − when an external stimulus, addressed to
one analyzer, simultaneously causes a response from another or several
analyzers (e.g., a sensation of color when listening to music). It can
occur in healthy people normally, most often in gifted musicians,
poets, and artists.
125. Consciousness – the highest form of reflection of objective
reality, characteristic only of man, representing
a set of mental processes that help him orient himself in
the surrounding world, time, his own personality, ensuring
continuity of experience, unity and diversity of behavior.
126. Somnambulism – sleepwalking, lunacy.
127. Sopor (stupor) – deep depression of consciousness with preservation of
coordinated protective motor reactions and opening of the eyes in
response to pain, pathological drowsiness, aspontaneity.
128. AIDS-phobia – fear of contracting AIDS,
129. Stereotypies – constant, monotonous, monotonous
repetition of some action (motor stereotypies) or
rhythmic, monotonous repetition of some word, phrase,
sometimes a meaningless naming of similar-sounding phrases, words or syllables
(speech stereotypies – verbigerations);
130. Passion – a prolonged, pronounced, intense emotional
attitude directed toward a certain object or type of
activity
131. Fear, as a pathological state – the experience
of imminent danger, with a sense of immediate threat to life,
well-being, caused by a morbid mental state without
real grounds.
132. Stress (tension) – a nonspecific response of the organism to
any demand placed on it, characterized by a pronounced emotional experience (affect). Stress can be of a
positive, mobilizing, or negative (distress) nature.
133. Stupor – general motor retardation, numbness,
accompanied by loss of any contact with others.
134. Thanatophobia – obsessive fear of death.
135. Taphephobia – obsessive fear of being buried alive.
136. Anguish (melancholy) – accompanied by a characteristic oppressive sensation,
constriction behind the sternum, accompanied by a predominance of sadness,
depression, and inhibition of all mental processes.
137. Total dementia manifests itself as a relatively uniform
decline of all cognitive processes: thinking, memory, attention, and
138. Transvestism – a pathological, persistent urge to wear
the clothing and hairstyle of the opposite sex and to play its role. True – from
childhood; false – only for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification.
139. Anxiety – hypothymia combined with anticipation of misfortune and
a feeling of inner tension, inner agitation, restlessness,
tension, a feeling of anguished anticipation of impending disaster, despair,
and fears for the fate of loved ones.
140. Urophobia – an obsessive fear of an irresistible urge to
urinate.
141. Fetishism – obtaining sexual gratification through collecting
objects belonging to persons of the opposite sex.
142. Phobophobia – an obsessive fear of fear in a person who has ever
experienced an episode of obsessive fear; it is a fear of the phobia recurring.
143. Feeling – one of the manifestations of emotional relationships,
having a clearly expressed objectal character, reflecting a person's specific
substantive subjective evaluation of a particular subject
or object.
144. Schizophrenia – a disease characterized by a continuously
progressive course and characteristic personality changes,
expressed in emotional impoverishment, decreased energy
potential, loss of personality unity, loss of contact with reality, and characteristic thought disorders.
145. Sperrung (blocking) – a sudden, usually brief
stoppage or break in thoughts; a «void in thoughts» or «blocking of thoughts» occurs.
146. Euphoria – a pathologically elevated mood,
accompanied by a feeling of pleasure, comfort, well-being,
and relaxation, that impedes cognitive processes.
147. Exhibitionism – an irresistible desire to unexpectedly
expose one's genitals in front of a person of the opposite sex (in
men with alcoholism, in the mentally retarded).
148. Explosiveness – increased emotional excitability and
impulsivity combined with inertness and rigidity, with a
malicious-melancholic mood predominating.
149. Ecstasy – hyperthymia with a predominance of rapture, reaching
the point of frenzied admiration, a feeling of insight, of illumination.
150. Exteroceptors − located on the surface of the body and
reflecting the external world.
151. Emotions – physiological states of the organism that have
a pronounced subjective coloring and encompass all forms of
feeling and experience in a person – from deeply traumatic
suffering to the highest forms of joy and social well-being.
152. Emotional inadequacy - a qualitative discrepancy
between the emotional reaction and the cause that provoked it.
153. Emotional, or affective, blunting – a disorder
characterized by weakness of emotional reactions and contacts,
impoverishment of feelings, and emotional coldness, progressing to complete
indifference and unresponsiveness.
154. Emotional coarsening – manifests itself in the loss of the most
finely differentiated emotional reactions: delicacy and
empathy disappear, and disinhibition, intrusiveness, and
tactlessness appear.
155. Emotional reactions – emotional responses to
biologically or socially significant stimuli; they are distinguished by
brevity and high intensity.
156. Empathy – a person's emotional responsiveness to
another's experiences.
157. Echolalia − the stereotyped repetition of phrases heard.
158. Echomimia − the involuntary repetition of an interlocutor's
facial expression.
159. Echopraxia − the repetition of movements observed in others.
160. Jactation – motor agitation «confined to the bed».
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