27. The concentration of capital in the French press in the 80-90s. Hhv.

The need for concentration of capital in the press is dictated primarily by economic factors: cost increases, the need for investment, an increase in the volume of publication, a lack of advertising. Psychological factors also have an impact. The concentration of capital is a danger to the pluralism of the press, because leads to a decrease in the number of publications and a reduction in various democratic debates, both in the field of politics and in the field of culture. The protection of pluralism was to be ensured by the Ordonans of 1944 and the law adopted in 84-86, which was to define a system of quotas and restrictions. However, the concentration had positive qualities, since she contributed to the growth of quality publications. Many experts agree that the diversity of content (internal pluralism) can compensate for the lack of external pluralism.

In France in this period the number of new publications compensates for the number of endangered ones. Significant abbreviations of titles occurred only in the daily press sector. In the provinces, their number decreased from 46 to 88 from 175 to 65. In Paris, in periodicals, competition leads to the evolution of the form of publications. But there is a greater risk for the emergence of new publications. In the provinces, the reduction in the number of newspapers since liberation has led to the monopoly position of the remaining publications. In other sectors of the press market, no agency was able to monopolize its part. Concentration of own information enterprises sometimes acquires the most sophisticated forms (belongs to the same group). Despite the intensified process of concentration in the French press 80-90s, it was less significant than in the UK, Germany and other European publications. Circulations of daily newspapers were small. The most widespread was the newspaper "West France" (800 thousand). In England, 6 daily newspapers and 7 Sunday newspapers had a distribution of more than 1 million. In Japan, 2 newspapers - approx. 10 million.

Ordonans 44years prevented the emergence of newspaper chains, which included national and provincial daily newspapers. It was impossible to diversify groups through audiovisual media due to existing before 1981. state monopoly on audiovisual broadcasting. Only publishing and advertising activities could contribute to the development of information groups. For a long time, large financial and industrial groups did not dare to invest in the press sector. The situation was unlocked in 2 stages. In 75-76, using the crisis and the disintegration of the Pruvor and Amory groups, Robber Ersan, owning a dozen newspapers in the province, entered the national market and for the first time united Paris and regional newspapers in one group. And after 81g. communication enterprises began to attract capital investment, because now could include audiovisual sector. Gradually, the structure of the French information space began to approach the European information space. This process was also stimulated by the prospect of creating a single European market.