1The Wisdom of TV Becoming in the West

West In the history of foreign, can be traced several stages . The first is experimental, in which the main figures are the inventors and engineers. The second stage is the beginning and development of regular broadcasting on standards, the search for optimal organizational forms and the distribution of television receivers among the population. The third stage is characterized by the transformation of television into the main mass media and the domination of several large national programs on the air of a particular country. A number of states have entered the fourth , modern stage - the time of "tele-abundance", the introduction of satellite and cable TV, the crushing of the once unified TV audience and the individualization of the audience choice. The word “television” was introduced into circulation at a scientific conference in Paris by a Petersburg radio engineer Konstantin Dmitrievich Persky in 1900. The term, like the idea, appeared long before television itself . USA The first attempts to transmit a moving image over a distance were made in the USA in 1922-1923 and were associated with a mechanical image scanning system using the Nipkoff disc (the so-called short-line television). The greatest contribution to the development of this system, which turned out to be unproductive, as it became clear a decade later, was made by Herbert I. Ives and Charles F. Jenkins. After the adoption of the first Radio Act in 1927, the Federal Radio Commission (the Federal Communications Commission since 1934) singled out a series of frequencies for experimental visual broadcasting, without trying to impose any standards. According to the commission’s report for 1931, 21 stations were experimenting with television at that time. Experimental stations operated without any coordination, wasting millions of dollars. Enmity, intrigue, patent war - one of the reasons why the regular transfer in the United States began a few years later than in Europe. The television broadcast was solemnly opened here several times. At the turn of the 1920s and 1930s, the United States (like England and Germany) experienced an early and premature television boom. Then it seemed that the "vision at a distance" finally came. The overly optimistic forecasts of the “false-boom” period (1928–1933) were caused by the success of radio engineering and sound film. The development of a more promising electronic TV in the United States is associated with the name of Vladimir Kuzmich Zvorykin (1889-1982). "Father of electronic television", the inventor of the iconoscope and kinescope , the owner of 120 patents. Americans consider the “founding fathers” of television in their own country of three people - V. Zvorykin, D. Sarnov and W. Paley. David Sarnov played a huge role in promoting TV to a mass audience. In 1930, he established full control of Radio Corporation of America (Armenian-ci-Hey) and its subsidiary Radio Broadcasting Company (NBC) founded by Marconi. . Inviting Zvorykina to himself, Sarnov began a new series of experiments with television. UNITED KINGDOM While in America, V.K. Zvorykin laid the foundations of electronic television, on the other side of the Atlantic, in England, John Logie Bird and other experimenters tried to improve the Nipkow mechanical disk. On October 2, 1925, Byrd first received a television image. True, it was only silhouettes, the details are not visible. On January 26, 1926, Byrd held a public demonstration of his invention in front of an audience of prominent members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. "). in 1927, he created the Royal Television Society, under whose auspices, on March 1, 1928, the world's first magazine exclusively devoted to television, Television, was published. Under the leadership of Byrd, the first receiver was installed with a definition of 30 lines . In the years 1929-1931, about a thousand "Byrd TVs" were released. In September 1929, regular experimental programs began, continuing on a low-term standard until 1935. England, therefore, also experienced a false television boom, like the USA and Germany. The imperfection of the mechanical system with which Byrd worked, became apparent as soon as the electronic system appeared in the USA. The first run of this system in England occurred in August 1936 at the annual exhibition of electronic equipment. On November 2, 1936, the BBC began regular broadcasts . This date was adopted today as the beginning of the history of regular television in the world. The broadcasts went two hours a day, six times a week according to a previously announced schedule. One day was devoted to preventive equipment repair. This tradition was later adhered to by the television services of many countries. The programs of the BBC programs differed in fiction, variety, and good taste. On a very modest means. The BBC resumed regular war shows interrupted by the war in June 1946 with a recording of the victory parade. GERMANY German scientists began to experiment with mechanical television in 1926, starting with scanning the image in 30 lines without sound. The system, which was developed by the Hungarian Denesh von Mihai, who lived in Germany, was demonstrated in 1928 at the annual Berlin radio exhibition, in the same year, Mihai founded the company Telekhor AG. On his own system, based on the Nipkov disc, another pioneer of the German TV, Augustus Carolus, worked. The Model Carolus was introduced in March 1929 - the broadcast went on for one hour and 20 minutes on an 8x10 centimeters screen. The third company involved in the development of television, called "Fernsee AG." It was created by Leva, Pace and Bosch, together with the Englishman Baird. To co-ordinate efforts, the Television Association (Fernsee-Feraine) was founded in 1929, which began publishing its Fernseen (Television) magazine in 1930. Manfred von Ardenne was the first to demonstrate a 100-line electronic program. This happened at the same famous radio show in 1931. Von Ardenne and Z. Leve assembled an experimental station in Berlin. At the same time in Germany appeared the first televisions with electronic kinescope. The Nazi leadership, realizing the enormous potential of the new media, strongly supported its implementation. In March 1935, it was announced that the broadcasts of the Berlin television center were becoming regular. Broadcasts went thrice a week. These were performances, musical concerts, sketches, performances of the party-state nomenclature. Later began to leave special programs for young people, regular propaganda conversations. The 30-minute opera “In the swallow's nest”, specially written for television, was shown. They tried to compensate for the lack of television receivers with collective shows. On April 9, 1935, the first television show for 30 people with two televisions appeared in the Berlin Museum of Posts, and in the autumn of the same year a television theater opened with a projector for 300 people. FRANCE The first experiments with “radio vision” in France were led by the laboratory of René Barthelemy, where the first French low-line television receiver was mounted and in 1929 the first public television show was conducted. From the laboratory of Barthelemy to the school of electricity was the first telecast at a distance. The image was very rough. It happened on April 14, 1931. Fueled by intensive developments in England and Germany, the French authorities took further experimentation under their protection. Barthelemy received a room on Rue Grenelle, which became the first studio in Paris television. Soon, scientists developed television receivers on cathode tubes, which made it possible to increase the scan to 180 lines. In 1934, the first survey was carried out on the street. From Grenelle Street to the Eiffel Tower, where the transmitter with antennas was located, a coaxial cable was laid. Since April 1935, the programs have become more or less regular - this year is officially considered the date of birth of TV in France. The repertoire of the Paris studio was built from cabaret, circus, etc. The leading actors and dancers of the Paris Opera came to the programs in the studio. Because of the spotlights, the temperature in the studio reached 35 degrees by the end of the working day, but no one complained and the actors did not require fees. In 1936, French experimenters began to use the Zvorykin iconoscope, they managed to raise the image sweep standard to 455 lines.