36. “Characteristics of the daily newspapers“ Info-matin ”,“ L'manite ”,“ France-Suar ”Newspaper of the FKP“ L'manite ”

But the widest resonance in French society, both among readers and among journalists and media researchers, was the emergence of the newspaper “ Info-Maten”. Published in January 1994, Info-Mathen became the first newspaper for fast reading at a cost of only 3 francs, which is two times lower than the usual price of national newspapers. A richly illustrated 24-page newspaper of small format (half of a tabloid) was intended for the younger generation, a dynamic representative of the urban population, who was not used to reading the daily press. She printed on high-quality paper, widely used color. Laconic information covered various aspects of society. This small newspaper has managed to stay in the market for about two years in the conditions of the most complicated crisis of the French press. Its creators carefully thought out the idea of ​​capturing a potential audience, having developed an unusual formula for publishing, based on the fact that the daily national newspapers are expensive, boring and far from the reader's daily concerns. The merit of the newspaper is that it attracted new readers who had not previously turned to the daily newspaper. However, due to the high costs of printing services and transportation to the suburbs of Paris, due to the wrong decision to supply a free application “Info-Maten-Medsen” by subscription (it caused losses of 6 million francs), as well as public transport paralysis due to long a strike in December 1995 (and the main audience of the newspaper is a passenger of the metro, bus, suburban train), the newspaper had to be closed. After Info-Matin in 1998, another attempt was made to create a daily newspaper — this was the newspaper Caidien de la Republique, one of the leaders of the socialist party. It did not last long. L'Humenite, the only party daily newspaper in France, was founded by Jean Jaures in 1904 as an organ of the French section of the Workers' International (II International). After the split of the French socialists and the creation of the French Communist Party in 1920, which joined the Comintern (III International), it became its organ. "L'Humanite" has undergone significant changes that experienced the political history of the XX century. The newspaper reflected both the vicissitudes of the labor movement, historical events, and changes in the French press itself. To keep up with technical progress, in the 70s. “L'Humanite” began the modernization of its production. In 1982, the entire process of publishing a newspaper was fully computerized. In 1989, a new printing and editorial complex was commissioned; it reduced the costs of producing a newspaper. Funds were received from the sale of old premises and voluntary contributions. In 1991, in order to save money, the Directorate was forced to reorganize the editorial staff, reducing 60 jobs. The source of income "L'Humanite", in addition to the sale of copies and advertising, are donations from readers, as well as the Sunday edition distributed by volunteers. It underwent many transformations, turning in 1990 into an illustrated weekly, the distribution of which reached 108 thousand copies. Its distribution (80%) was provided by volunteers, which significantly reduces costs and provides communication with readers. The collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe led to a significant reduction in the circulation of publications of the French Communist Party. Since 1989, the distribution of “L'manite” has decreased annually by 5-10% (66 thousand copies in 1992, 58 thousand in 1997). To stop the fall of distribution, the newspaper updated its formula several times. In 1997, its Sunday edition also underwent changes and began to appear under the name “L'manite Ebdo”. But the newspaper remained in an almost hopeless financial situation and, in order to save it from bankruptcy, at the beginning of 2001, the structure of capital “L'Humanite” was changed. A society was created, bringing together private investors. These investors were the Ashett Group and the TV channel TF1, which now owns 20% of the newspaper’s capital, 40% are left for the leaders of the newspapers, representatives of the PCF, 20% are owned by the Society of Readers “Ymanite”, 10% each belongs to the Friends of Jumanite And to the editorial staff. The newspaper no longer presents itself as a body of the PCF, seeking to expand its readership. “Now we are completely independent of the party, its director Patrick Yarik says,“ L'umanite ”can attract today supporters of new movements, such as alter-globalists” [1] . The mass newspaper France-Souar has been undergoing a severe crisis since the 1970s, the evening paper of the Hirsan group France-Souar. France-Suar became the successor to the newspaper of the resistance movement la la France, which came out of the underground in 1944. Faced with economic difficulties and editorial disagreements, the newspaper was in the early 50s. fell under the control of "Ashett", the editorial board headed by Pierre Lazareff. Since the Lazareff team made France Suar a lucrative publication, Ashett did not invade editorial activities. So it was until the mid-60s. Distribution grew: 360 thousand copies. in 1947, more than 500 thousand in 1950, and in the period 1956-1962. sold over 1 million copies. At the end of the 50s, the newspaper was experiencing its “golden age”. In the mid-60s, the situation began to change. The time has come when radio and television have become stronger as dangerous competitors. The fall in newspaper distribution continued until mid-1994, when Robert Ersan announced the possibility of selling a newspaper that was losing its readers. After numerous attempts at reforming the publication, which ended in failure, the group makes a difficult decision to sell the newspaper. France-Suar buys for the symbolic franc the former owner of the economic newspaper Tribune and the magazine Nouvel the Economist Georges Gon. But three months of his research on finding a new formula did not provoke an influx of new readers. The spread continued to decline, especially in Paris. By the end of the millennium, the mass daily press had disappeared in France. Its place is gradually occupied by free informational newspapers that appeared at the beginning of the 21st century (“Metro”, “20 minutes”, distributed by hawkers at the metro, at train stations, and in other public places).