Power sources of electrical circuits

Sources EMF
The equivalent circuit of a real source of EMF with a passive receiver



when, Rvn ≠ 0, the voltage at the terminals of the AV source is determined by the equation:

U = E – I • Rвн

The equivalent circuit of a real source of EMF with an active receiver



the voltage at the terminals of the AV source is determined by the equation:

U = E + I • Rвн

The replacement scheme of the ideal source of EMF



External characteristics of the source EMF