Lecture
1. In which case is the concept incorrectly limited?
A) Admiral – Russian admiral – Admiral Ushakov.
B) Airplane – passenger airplane – Tu-154 airplane.
C) Personality – outstanding personality - Einstein.
D) University – faculty – dean's office.
2 . In which case is the concept incorrectly generalized?
A) City – populated locality.
B) Passport – document.
C) Student – university student.
D) Birch – tree.
3. In which case is the assessment of the definition correctly given“Transplantation – the transplanting of organs and (or) tissues to another organism”?
A) Proportionate definition.
B) Definition that is too broad.
C) Definition that is too narrow.
D) «Circle» in the definition.
4. In which case is the assessment of the division correctly given:“Fiction is divided into lyric poetry, drama, epic, and theater”?
A) Proportionate division. B) Incomplete division.
C) Division with superfluous members. D) Jump in division.
5. In which case is the assessment of the definition correctly given:«A melancholic is a person possessing a melancholic temperament»?
A) Proportionate definition.
B) Definition that is too broad.
C) Definition that is too narrow.
D) «Circle» in the definition.
1. In terms of quality and quantity, what kind of judgment is:“Not a single Russian car meets European environmental standards”?
A) Universal affirmative. B) Universal negative.
C) Particular affirmative. D) Particular negative.
2. Find the subject and predicate in the judgment“Every person has the right to life”.
A) S - “every person”, P - “right to life”.
B) S - “right to life”, P - “person”.
C) S - “person”, P - “life”.
D) S - “person”, P - “right to life”.
3. What is the distribution of terms in the judgment:“Some women are drivers”?
A) S and P - are distributed.
B) S and P - are not distributed.
C) S - is distributed, and P - is not distributed.
D) S - is not distributed, and P - is distributed.
4. Which of the listed judgments is universal negative?
A) No responsible manager will sign an unread document.
B) Some people in Russia do not entrust their savings to banks.
C) Some buildings in Tyumen have no architectural value.
D) K. Marx did not believe in God.
5. What symbol denotes the judgment“Some students do not use crib sheets”?
A) A. B) E. C) I. D) O.
6. Which of the following formulas corresponds to the judgment:“Many Russians approve of the president's policy”?
A) All S is P. B) Some S is P.
C) No S is P. D) Some S is not P.
7. What is the relationship between the judgments“All people are sinful” and “Some people are not sinful”?
A) Contradiction. B) Subalternation.
C) Contrariety. D) Subcontrariety.
1. To which kind does the judgment belong“In a court session, the prosecutor either supports the charge or withdraws it”?
A) Conjunctive. B) Strict disjunctive.
C) Weak disjunctive. D) Conditional.
2. Which of the following judgments is implicative?
A) If you're afraid of a storm, don't go to sea.
B) The path of knowledge is both long and hard…
C) Small is the nugget, yet dear.
D) He has a bruise or a sprained ligament.
3. Which law of truth does the formulation express“A compound judgment is true if, and only if, one of its constituent simple judgments is true”?
A) The law of conjunction. B) The law of strict disjunction.
C) The law of weak disjunction. D) The law of implication.
4. Which of the following statements expresses the law of conjunction?
A) A compound judgment is true when one of its constituent simple judgments is true and the other is false.
B) A compound judgment is false when at least one of its constituent simple judgments is false.
C) A compound judgment is true when at least one of its constituent simple judgments is true.
D) A compound judgment is false when all of its constituent simple judgments are false.
5. Which of the following judgments is a strict disjunction?
A) Amnesty can be general or partial.
B) I will go to a party today or to a disco.
C) A patient has the right to seek medical help at the clinic at their place of residence or at any other medical institution.
D) A student can find the information they need to prepare a term paper either in the university library, or in the city library, or on Internet resources.
6. In which of the following judgments is a deontic modal word used?
A) A cold snap is possible next week.
B) The existence of living organisms without oxygen is impossible.
C) It is forbidden to carry highly flammable substances on public transport.
D) It has been established that N. is the organizer of the crime.
Test on the topic «The logic of questions and answers»
1. To which kind does the following question belong:«Is the current king of France bald?»
A) Meaningless question. B) Provocative question.
C) Indefinite question. D) Irrelevant question.
2. To which kind does the following question belong:«On which days do you beat your wife?»
A) Meaningless question. B) Provocative question.
C) Indefinite question. D) Irrelevant question.
3. Which of the following questions is irrelevant?
A) Is triangle ABC triangular? B) How does spring affect a third-degree equation? C) Who is the best in the world?
D) Is synthetic carpet made from synthetic fabrics?
4. Which of the following questions is tautological?
A) Is it murder or suicide? B) Between whom was the Russo-Japanese War fought? C) Have you stopped beating your father? D) What is the meaning of life?
1. Find the conclusion in the following argument:«Bykov is not a prosecutor, since all prosecutors are lawyers, and Bykov is not a lawyer».
A) Here the conclusion will be the judgment «Bykov is not a lawyer».
B) The conclusion is «All prosecutors are lawyers».
C) The conclusion is «Bykov is not a prosecutor».
D) There is no conclusion here at all.
2. Find the major premise in the following syllogism:
«Some lawyers are deputies, therefore, some lawyers are chosen representatives of the people; all deputies are chosen representatives of the people».
A) Here the major premise will be the judgment «Some lawyers are deputies».
B) The major premise is «Some lawyers are chosen representatives of the people».
C) The major premise is «All deputies are chosen representatives of the people»
D) There is no major premise here at all.
3. What arguments are called syllogisms?
A) These are arguments that lead from the general to the particular.
B) These are arguments that necessarily lead from true premises to a true conclusion.
C) These are arguments that lead from true premises to both true and false conclusions.
D) These are arguments that lead from the particular to the general.
of the conclusion in the argument:«Sinyakov, Trusov, Nikulin, and Sidorov broke into the apartment. The stolen items were: an antique clock, an icon, figurines, and jewelry. It is known that Sinyakov stole the antique clock, Trusov – the icon, Nikulin – the figurines. Therefore, Sidorov stole the jewelry»?
A) The method of agreement. B) The method of difference.
C) The method of residues. D) The method of concomitant variation.
3. Which of the following arguments is an inference by analogy?
A) If God exists, then the soul is immortal. God exists, therefore the soul is immortal.
B) April this year was rainy, so were March and May. Therefore, all the spring months this year were rainy.
C) The ship's model capsized during trials in a pond. Therefore, the ship itself has poor seaworthiness and may capsize at sea.
D) All lawyers are attorneys, so some attorneys are lawyers.
Which inductive method was applied in the following
argument:«When conditions A, B and C occur together, event a occurs; when conditions B and C occur together, event a does not occur; therefore, condition A is connected with event a»?
A) The method of agreement. B) The method of difference.
C) The method of concomitant variation. D) The method of residues.
argument:«The appearance of a rainbow was observed in the sky during rain, in the water spray of a waterfall, and in dewdrops. It was concluded that the cause of the appearance of a rainbow is the passage of sunlight through drops of water»?
A) The method of agreement. B) The method of difference.
C) The method of concomitant variation. D) The method of residues.
1. What proof is called direct?
A) This is proof requiring additional constructions (advancing an antithesis).
B) This is proof in which the truth of the advanced thesis is directly substantiated by arguments.
C) This is a logical technique by which the falsity or unprovenness of an advanced proposition is established.
D) This is proof in which the truth of the advanced thesis is substantiated by proving the falsity of the antithesis.
3. What kind of argumentation is this:«You claim that Pyrin committed murder. But Pyrin is not guilty, since the person who committed the crime must have been at the scene of the crime at the time it was committed, and Pyrin was in another city»?
A) Direct proof. B) Indirect proof.
C) Direct refutation. D) Indirect refutation.
4. How can the «circular reasoning» error be avoided?
A) Advance the simplest thesis, which is easy to prove.
B) Do not substantiate the thesis with an argument whose own substantiation relies, in turn, on the statement that is the thesis.
C) Demonstrate the smallest number of arguments.
D) Do not repeat the same arguments in the proof.
5. Which of the following statements is a rule of the thesis?
A) The thesis must be a simple judgment.
B) The thesis must be a substantiated statement.
C) The thesis must remain unchanged throughout the entire proof.
D) The thesis must be formulated in the language of logic.
6. What is the art of debate called?
A) Rhetoric. B) Heuristics.
C) Eristics. D) Erotematics.
7. In one interview, the pop singer A. Serov, when asked by a journalist «Why does your repertoire consist only of songs about love?», replied: «What am I supposed to sing about, sausage?» What forbidden argument did the singer use?
A) The ladies' argument. B) Argument to pity.
C) Argument to the public. D) Argument to the person.
8. The famous Russian lawyer Plevakoonce defended in court an old woman who had stolen a cheap teapot. In his closing speech, the prosecutor decided to list all the possible arguments Plevako might use: the poor old woman, bitter need, the theft was insignificant, the defendant evokes not compassion but pity. But – private property is sacred, and if we allow it to be shaken, the country will perish. Plevako rose: «Russia has endured many troubles, many trials. The Pechenegs tormented her, as did the Polovtsians, the Tatars, the Poles. Moscow was surrendered. Russia endured it all, overcame it all. But now an old woman has stolen a teapot worth thirty kopecks. This, of course, Russia surely cannot withstand; from this she will perish». What trick did Plevako use?
A) Argument to pity. B) Argument to ignorance.
C) Argument to the public. D) Argument to the person.
9. What is the trick in a debate called,when instead of arguing the thesis, one praises the opponent in the hope that, touched by the compliments, he will agree to accept the thesis?
A) Argument to ignorance. B) Argument to vanity.
C) Argument to authority. D) Appeal to the opponent's own argument.
Assignment
d) Indicate the type of definition: explicit(definition through the nearest genus and specific difference: attributive-relational, genetic, operational) or implicit(ordinary contextual, ostensive, axiomatic).
Assignment
1. S – P – is the schema of an attributive judgment.
2. A concept – is a form of thought that reflects objects in their essential features.
3. A colony – is a territory or country that has lost its independence and is under the rule of another state.
4. A cylinder – is a geometric figure that results from the rotation of a rectangle around one of its sides.
5. An acid – is a liquid in which litmus paper turns red.
6. Daring [Udal']. In this word one clearly hears — distance [dal']. Daring – is a kind of boldness that requires space, distance, in order to manifest itself. In the word «courage» [muzhestvo] — there is stern necessity, the weighing of our actions, or more precisely, even of our counteractions. Courage comes from reason, from manliness [muzhchinstvo]. A man, having thought it through and realized that in these or those circumstances of life, in defending justice, it is necessary to show high fortitude, shows this high fortitude, courage. Courage is bounded by a goal, and the goal is dictated by conscience.
Daring, of course, presupposes risking one's own life, bravery. But, having looked closely at the concept of «daring», we feel that this is a deficient form of bravery. In it there is self-inflation, intoxication. If competitions in courage were held, daring could not be admitted to these competitions, for daring would arrive having taken doping. Daring requires space, the air of space pumps up artificial boldness, intoxicates. To the intoxicated, life is worth a kopeck. Daring is panic, running forward. Daring hacks left and right. Daring is the opportunity to hack away, all the while moving away from the place where those you have already hacked down lie, so as not to have to wonder: did I hack correctly? And yet it's a beautiful word: daring! It quenches the point of thoughtlessness (F. Iskander).
7. Force equals mass multiplied by acceleration.
e) Indicate in which cases a division of concepts was made, and in which – a partition of a whole into parts.
Assignment
1. By the nature of mental activity, memory is divided into motor, emotional, figurative, and verbal-logical.
2. An atom consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
3. Habits are useful and useless.
4. By temperament, people are divided into sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, and melancholic types.
5. The Russian Federation consists of republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal significance, an autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrugs.
6. The subjects of the Russian Federation are divided into republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal significance, autonomous oblasts, and autonomous okrugs.
7. There are day, evening, and correspondence (distance) forms of study at a university.
a) Construct a truth table and determine the logical value of the statements (logical law, logical contradiction, satisfiable statement):
Assignment
1. (((p Ù q) ® r) Ù ~r) ® (~p Ú ~q)
2. ((p ® q) Ù (q ®p)) « (p « q)
3. (p ® q) ® ((q ® s) ® (p ® (q Ù s)))
4. (p Ù q) « ~( ~p Ú ~q)
5. ((p ® ~r) Ù ~r) ® p)
b) Determine whether there is a relation of logical consequence between the premises and conclusions of the arguments(determine the logical form (scheme) of the argument, construct a truth table for: (1st premise Ù 2nd premise ) ® conclusion ).
Assignment
1. If it is cold and damp outside, we will not go to the park. But it is not cold and not damp outside.
2. If we meet tomorrow, we will go to the theater; if we go to the theater, we will return home late; but we will not return late.
3. If a student studies diligently, he passes exams well. This student passed his exams well.
a) Analyze the deductive arguments of the first type (direct): reconstruct them if necessary, determine the logical form, determine the kind.
Assignment
1. Either deterioration does no harm – which cannot be – or – and this is perfectly clear – everything that deteriorates is deprived of the good (Augustine of Hippo).
2. You say we should consider ourselves happy, since we do not know this false, vile world with its false, disgusting people. Perhaps I am one of the unfortunate ones, since I do know this false, vile world with its false, disgusting people (Sholom Aleichem).
3. Philosophers claim that they are searching, which means they have not yet found (Tertullian).
4. Mathematics could not be applied to the cognition of the objective world if its propositions were not a reflection of this world. From this it is evident that the objective world is reflected in the propositions of mathematics.
5. I think, therefore I am (Descartes).
6. Once Diogenes was asked a question: «When should a person have breakfast?». The philosopher gave this answer: «If you are rich, then whenever you want; if you are poor, then whenever you can».
b) Analyze the deductive arguments of the second type (immediate inferences): find the premise and conclusion, write down the logical form, determine the kind, find out whether it is correctly constructed.
Assignment
1. Some intellectuals engage in business. Therefore, some businessmen are intellectuals.
2. Some people respect the law. Therefore, some of those who do not respect the law are not people.
3. Some European countries are unitary. Therefore, all unitary states are European.
4. All economic laws are objective. Therefore, all objective laws are economic.
5. All students in our group are excellent students. Therefore, all those who are not excellent students cannot be students in our group.
a) Give a logical analysis of the categorical syllogism.(find the premises, the conclusion, reconstruct the syllogism, find the terms, write down the categorical syllogism, determine the logical form, determine the figure, the mood, check the correctness)
Assignment
1. No philanthropist is a poor person. Some reasonable people are wise men. Therefore…
2. The Sun is a star. Therefore, it passes through several stages of its evolution.
No person can fly. All people can walk. Therefore…
3. Any revolution is turmoil. Any revolution destroys. Therefore…
4. No wise person is a fool. Some reasonable people are wise men. Therefore…
5. Some truths cannot be refuted. Any truth can be subjected to doubt. Therefore…
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