Tests with Answers on Bioethics (120 Test Items)

Topic 1 tests - fundamentals of bioethics

1. Medicine is:

• a) the science of health and disease
• b) practical activity aimed at combating disease
• c) the theory and practice of preserving health and combating disease
• d) a professional field of activity of people specially trained in the art of healing

2. The term «bioethics» was proposed by:

• a) Aristotle
• b) Van Rensselaer Potter
• c) Jeremy Bentham
• d) Claude Bernard
• e) Paracelsus
• f) M. A. Murashko

3. Bioethics arises:

• a) in the Age of Enlightenment, the 17th century
• b) in the 1890s
• c) in the 1960s-70s.
• d) at the beginning of the 21st century

4. Reasons for the emergence of bioethics:

• a) The development of medicine in the East and the publication of Ibn Sina's “Canon of Medicine”
• b) Bourgeois revolutions in Europe and a change in public consciousness
• c) Scientific and technological progress and the movement for democratic rights
• d) Political and economic changes in the life of Russia
• e) The development of Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution and the Cell Theory of the structure of organisms

5. Medicalization is:

• a) a dangerous disease
• b) the assessment of a situation as one requiring medical intervention
• c) a stage in the history of medicine
• d) the position of insurance companies and health authorities
• e) public opinion in medicine

6. The agents of medicalization are:

• a) physicians and patients
• b) physicians, patients and the patient's relatives (legal representatives)
• c) physicians, patients and pharmaceutical companies
• d) physicians and pharmaceutical companies
• e) patients and pharmaceutical companies

7. In which document of the World Medical Association are the basic rights of patients proclaimed?

• a) Declaration on the Protection of Patients' Rights in Europe
• b) Lisbon Declaration on the Rights of the Patient
• c) Statement on the Protection of Patients' Rights
• d) Helsinki Declaration
• e) Convention on the Protection of Patients' Rights

8. In which document of the World Medical Association are the duties of a physician described?

• a) Lisbon Declaration on the Rights of the Patient
• b) Helsinki Declaration
• c) Hippocratic Oath
• d) Faculty Promise
• e) International Code of Medical Ethics

9. Medicine and ethics are united by:

• a) the human being as the subject of study and activity
• b) research methods
• c) mastery of techniques for overcoming conflicts in human relationships
• d) the striving for knowledge of the mechanisms of human behaviour and for control over it

10. The main principles of the policy of achieving health for all:

• a) achieving equity in health care, ensuring full health and quality of life
• b) ensuring a healthier life by reducing the population's morbidity, disability and mortality
• c) increasing the duration of a full life
• d) providing the population with accessible prevention, treatment and care services
• e) promoting and supporting health-favourable forms of behaviour

Topic 2

1. The main goal of a physician's professional activity is:

• a) saving and preserving human life
• b) social trust in the medical profession
• c) the respect of colleagues
• d) material gain
• e) self-realization

2. The science of moral behaviour in relation to a single value — life:

• a) cybernetics
• b) synergetics
• c) bioethics.
• d) ethics

3. The subject of bioethics is

• a) the moral attitude toward all living things
• b) the relationship between physician and patient
• c) the attitude of medical workers toward the social and natural
• factors affecting the state of health of their patients
• d) the moral status of the patient with regard to their own health and the physician's recommendations

4. Among the general civilizational foundations of bioethical knowledge, all of the following factors are included, except:

• a) the emergence and application of new biomedical technologies in practical health care
• b) the democratization of social relations
• c) value and worldview pluralism
• d) the experimental character of contemporary medical knowledge

5. The value of human life in biomedical ethics is determined by:

• a) age (the number of years lived)
• b) mental and physical wholeness
• c) racial and national affiliation
• d) financial standing.
• e) the uniqueness and irreplicability of the individual.

6. The question of whether it is moral to preserve life without preserving health is, for bioethics,

• a) the main one
• b) a particular one
• c) a resolvable one
• d) unresolvable

7. The subject of morality in bioethics is:

• a) the patient
• b) the medical worker
• c) every human being
• d) the patient's relatives

8. The WHO is an organization that is:

• a) non-governmental
• b) governmental
• c) charitable
• d) commercial
• e) non-commercial, private
• f) meaningless

9. In the human-society system, moral responsibility for a person's life and health is borne by:

• a) the minister of health
• b) the state
• c) the local district physician
• d) the mayor of the city

10. Which principle does NOT belong to the basic principles of bioethics

• a) the principle of «do no harm»
• b) the principle of «do good»
• c) the principle of excluding iatrogenesis
• d) the principle of respect for patient autonomy
• e) the principle of justice

Topic 3 Value and quality of life

1. The value of human life in biomedical ethics is determined by:

• a) age (the number of years lived)
• b) mental and physical wholeness
• c) racial and national affiliation
• d) the uniqueness and irreplicability of the individual

2. For a human being, what matters most in the concept of «life» is:

• a) its moral meaning
• b) its scientific meaning
• c) its aesthetic meaning
• d) its psychological meaning
• e) its biological meaning
• f) all of the above taken together

3. A human being becomes aware of the value of life through:

• a) the concept of beauty
• b) the concept of death
• c) the concept of money
• d) the concept of duty

4. The assessment of quality of life, which serves as an indicator of the effectiveness of treatment, is carried out by:

• a) the patient themselves
• b) the physician and other medical workers
• c) the employer
• d) members of the patient's family

5. The norm of quality of life in bioethics is represented by the relationship of:

• a) the biological, mental and social levels
• b) physical well-being and impairment of function (depending on limitations in physical activity, mobility, a decrease in energy potential, the nature of the illnesses, the diagnosis, objective signs of the disease, complaints, etc.).
• c) informal contacts and the limitation of social opportunities due to the state of health;
• d) the biological and material levels

6. Who assesses quality of life:

• a) the attending physician and narrow-profile specialists
• b) the attending physician and the patient's relatives
• c) the living person themselves (self-assessment) and the assessment of an observer
• d) the attending physician and social workers
• e) the patient's relatives, the attending physician and social workers

7. Those with a quality of life below the minimum include:

• a) persons in a persistent vegetative state
• b) patients with oncological diseases
• c) persons with chronic diseases in the acute stage
• d) elderly people incapable of self-care

8. Palliative care is

• a) non-traditional methods of treatment, prevention and health improvement based on the principles of folk medicine
• b) life-sustaining treatment (mechanical ventilation, artificial circulation, parenteral nutrition)
• c) medical care of a compulsory nature
• d) medical care that temporarily relieves the manifestations of a disease but does not cure it
• e) medical care provided to a patient immediately before death

9. A hospice is an institution that:

• a) provides care for dying patients
• b) provides care for oncological patients
• c) provides care for socially unprotected patients
• d) provides home care for patients
• e) provides care for elderly patients

10. For patients with a quality of life below the minimum, an alternative to euthanasia is:

• a) palliative medicine
• b) the care and attention of relatives
• c) non-traditional medicine
• d) psychotherapy

Topic 4 principles of bioethics

1. The basic principles of bioethics must be followed:

• a) when medical workers perform their duties
• b) when protecting the rights of patients
• c) in experiments on animals
• d) in relations between the pharmacist and the physician
• e) in a person's relations to any forms of life

2. The principle of «do good» was first formulated by:

• a) Hippocrates
• b) Avicenna
• c) Pirogov
• d) Paracelsus

3. In which case does a physician bear no moral and legal responsibility for harm caused to a patient:

• a) in the case of unqualified actions related to a lack of experience
• b) in the case where harm was caused unintentionally
• c) in the case where the physician followed a colleague's incorrect advice
• d) in the case where harm must be inflicted in order to obtain a positive effect from treatment

4. Respect for a person's private life on the part of the attending physician presupposes:

• a) keeping the state of his health confidential
• b) observing his electoral rights
• c) passing on information about the nature of the patient's illness to his employers
• d) informing members of the patient's family about the state of his health at their request.

5. The correct definition of justice includes:

• a) justice is primarily a principle for distributing material goods and monetary funds.
• b) justice is equality
• c) justice is answering evil with good
• d) justice is a principle regulating relations between people

6. In the Hippocratic model of medical ethics the basic principle is

• a) do no harm
• b) do not kill
• c) the priority of the interests of science
• d) the principle of the autonomy of the individual

7. Which of the principles of bioethics was not previously included in corporate medical ethics?

• a) the principle of «do no harm
• b) the principle of «do good»
• c) the principle of justice
• d) the principle of respect for patient autonomy

8. Patient autonomy is:

• a) the ability to make decisions independently
• b) the voluntary fulfilment of all of the physician's recommendations
• c) the right to make decisions concerning one's own health
• d) self-treatment

9. A competent patient is:

• a) a person capable of making decisions concerning their own health
• b) a person with knowledge of medicine
• c) a person who fulfils all of the physician's prescriptions
• d) a person who entrusts their representative to make decisions concerning their treatment

10. Two forms of the organization of health care belong to the manifestation of justice as an idea of equality and mercy:

• a) private (paid) medicine
• b) voluntary (private, commercial) medical insurance
• c) forms of state insurance
• d) a national state health care system and compulsory (universal) medical insurance

Topic 5 informed consent

1. Obtaining the informed consent of a patient for examination and treatment is recommended by:

• a) the World Health Organization
• b) the World Medical Association
• c) the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
• d) the law of the Russian Federation
• e) the Convention of the Council of Europe
• f) ethical rules
• g) all of the above social actors and documents

2. Intervention in the sphere of a person's health may be carried out:

• a) on the basis of the voluntary and conscious informed consent of the patient
• b) on the basis of medical indications
• c) on the basis of the uniqueness of the picture of the disease and its cognitive value
• d) on the basis of a request from relatives

3. The concept of “informed consent” includes everything except:

• a) information about the purpose of the proposed intervention
• b) information about the nature of the proposed intervention
• c) information about possible negative consequences
• d) information about the unquestionable priority of the benefit of the intervention compared with the possible risk

4. According to Federal Law No. 323-FZ «On the Protection of the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation», does a patient have the right to review the medical records reflecting the state of his health?

• a) no, he does not
• b) he has this right in any case
• c) he has this right if the illness is progressing favourably
• d) he has this right if the illness is progressing unfavourably

5. informed consent presupposes:

• a) telling the patient the whole truth about his illness
• b) concealing the truth about her illness from the patient
• c) coordinating questions of examination and treatment with the patient
• d) coordinating questions of examination and treatment with the patient's relatives

6. the patient must be told the truth about his illness, however tragic it may be, because this is:

• a) recommended by the Council of Europe
• b) recommended by the World Medical Association
• c) stipulated in the law of the Russian Federation
• d) recommended by all of the above bodies
• e) an ethical necessity
• f) what neighbour Auntie Zina says

7. telling the patient the truth about a possible tragic outcome is:

• a) a benefit for him
• b) carries within it the threat of causing severe psychological trauma
• c) a duty of the physician, established by law
• d) one of the options for the physician's conduct, the decision on which only he himself makes

8. The maxim “the patient's decision is law for the physician” is morally justified only in the case where this decision:

• a) does not lead to a worsening of the patient's condition
• b) is motivated by “informed consent” and does not threaten other people's lives
• c) presupposes decent payment for the medical service d) serves the interests of medical science
• e) fits within generally accepted norms of behaviour
• f) in all cases

9. Who makes the decision on the involuntary hospitalization of citizens without their consent or without the consent of their legal representatives?

• a) The court
• b) A council of physicians
• c) The attending physician
• d) The head of the medical institution
• e) The Minister of Health.

10. In what case, according to Federal Law No. 323-FZ «On the Protection of Citizens' Health in the Russian Federation», may a patient NOT be given the truth about the state of their health?

• - if the patient himself refuses this information
• if he flies to Mars
• if he is undergoing a medical examination at the military enlistment office

Topic 6 Medical confidentiality

1. Medical confidentiality — is the physician's receipt of information:

• a) about the diagnosis of the disease
• b) about the patient's life
• c) about the results of the patient's examination
• d) about the patient's condition
• e) about the prognosis of the disease
• f) all of the above

2. A physician is obliged to keep a patient's medical confidentiality:

• a) in all cases without exception
• b) only in individual cases.
• c) in all cases except those defined by law

3. Up to what age is it possible to disclose information about a child constituting medical confidentiality to his parents or legal representative (without the patient's consent)?

• a) up to 14 years
• b) up to 15 years
• c) up to 16 years
• d) up to 18 years
• e) depends on the child's level of development
• f) without age restriction

4. In which of the listed cases is it not permitted to disclose medical confidentiality without the patient's consent (read more at intellect.icu):

• a) in case of a threat of the spread of infectious diseases
• b) in publications in scientific literature
• c) at the request of inquiry and investigation bodies
• d) when the patient is harmed as a result of unlawful acts
• e) in case of the patient's unconscious state

5. Observance of medical confidentiality — is:

• a) the physician's own initiative
• b) a recommendation of the World Medical Association
• c) a recommendation of the physician's oath of the Russian Federation
• d) a requirement of the articles of the law of the Russian Federation
• e) an ethical necessity

6. The necessity of preserving medical confidentiality is:

• a) a moral rule:
• b) a legislative provision
• c) both
• d) neither

7. Information about a patient's illness and life:

• a) may be disclosed, since illness is not a disgrace but a misfortune:
• b) may not be disclosed, because this could harm the patient
• c) may not be disclosed, since this violates the principle of respect for patient autonomy

8. The rule of confidentiality toward the patient must be observed by:

• a) only physicians
• b) physicians, and mid-level and junior medical personnel
• c) staff of medical institutions of any level who have access to information about the patient
• d) physicians and mid-level medical personnel
• e) all of the above are correct

9. A breach of the confidentiality rule is permitted when the physician is approached by a patient who is

• a) not belonging to the titular nation
• b) a foreigner
• c) homeless
• d) suffering from HIV infection
• e) in all of the above cases
• f) in none of the above cases

10. Is it permissible to disclose information constituting medical confidentiality, without the consent of the patient or his legal representative, for conducting scientific research, publications in scientific literature, or use in the educational process?

• a) not permissible
• b) permissible if it does not threaten the patient's health
• c) permissible, but those who have learned of the medical confidentiality must keep it
• d) not permissible, except in cases where the patient's health or life is under threat
• e) permissible for the purposes indicated in the question

Topic 7 Relationship between physician and patient

1. The relationship between physician and patient is regulated by:

• a) WHO regulations
• b) decisions of the World Medical Association
• c) UNESCO declarations
• d) the laws of states
• e) all of the above bodies and acts

2. Respect for a person's private life on the part of the attending physician presupposes

• a) keeping the state of his health confidential
• b) observance of his voting rights.
• c) the transfer of information about the nature of the patient's illnesses to his employers
• d) informing members of the patient's family about the state of his health at their request

3. The oldest, traditional model of the relationship between physician and patient:

• a) the deliberative model
• b) the paternalistic model
• c) the informative model
• d) the expert model
• e) the conventional model
• f) the Platonic model

4. The paternalistic model of the relationship between physician and patient:

• a) is one of the best models
• b) is outdated and requires immediate replacement
• c) will remain in medical practice for a long time to come
• d) will pass into history in the near future

5. In the paternalistic model, the main role is played by

• a) the physician
• b) the sick person
• c) the patient's relatives
• d) close people
• f) the nurse

6. In RUSSIA the model of medical practice that has traditionally dominated is:

• a) the paternalistic model
• 6) the collegial model
• c) the engineering model
• d) the contractual model

7. The collegial model of the relationship between physician and patient presupposes:

• a) equal rights of physician and patient in matters of examination and treatment
• b) the patient's rights prevail in matters of examination and treatment
• c) the patient's rights are not taken into account
• d) the physician remains the main figure in examination and treatment
• e) reasonable compromises are possible

8. The technicist model of the relationship between physician and patient is

• a) the relationship between physician and patient is built on the principle of the relationship between father and son
• b) illness is defined as a «breakdown» of a mechanism, and the physician – is a mechanic repairing that breakdown
• c) the relationship between physician and patient is built on the type of relationship between colleagues
• d) the patient — is a «client», and the physician builds the relationship with him on the basis of a contract

9. The relationship between physician and patient is not regulated by:

• a) WHO regulations
• b) decisions of the World Medical Association:
• c) UNESCO declarations
• d) the laws of states
• e) local health ministries

10. The contractual model of the relationship between physician and patient takes into account

• a) moral superiority over the patient
• b) the impossibility of equality between physician and patient
• c) the opinion of close relatives during treatment
• t) the social status of the patient

Topic 8

1. A medical experiment — is:

• a) experiments on animals
• b) a routine examination and treatment of a patient
• c) examination of a patient for scientific purposes
• d) testing various medicinal products on a patient
• f) an experiment on the population by vaccinating them with unproven vaccines

2. Informed consent for conducting a clinical study must be obtained:

• a) verbally
• b) in writing
• c) in the presence of a notary
• d) in the presence of relatives

3. Informed consent for conducting clinical trials is necessary for:

• a) eliminating risks to the patient's health
• b) the professional protection of the physician
• c) lawyers
• d) the public

4. The moral aspects of clinical trials are most fully presented in:

• a) No. 323-FZ «On the Protection of the Health of Citizens of the Russian Federation
• b) WHO decisions
• c) the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association, 2000
• d) the Convention of the Council of Europe

5. The main international document regulating the conduct of clinical trials:

• a) the Moscow Declaration
• b) the Helsinki Declaration
• c) the Paris Declaration
• d) the London Declaration

6. The vulnerable groups in the conduct of clinical research do NOT include:

• a) children
• b) prisoners
• c) education workers
• d) pregnant women

7. At what stage of a clinical trial may a subject, in accordance with ethical requirements, withdraw from participation in the experiment?

• a) before the start of the experiment (before signing the Agreement to participate in the experiment
• b) during the experiment, if the compensation advance for participation in the experiment has not been paid out
• c) during the experiment, if the patient (research subject) has returned the compensation advance
• d) at the final stage, if the results of the experiment have already been predetermined
• e) at any stage of the experiment, regardless of receipt of the advance

8. «Therapeutic clinical trials» — are:

• a) medical research conducted in a medical institution by experienced physicians
• b) medical research combined with the provision of medical care
• c) medical research aimed at treating the research subject
• d) medical research conducted in clinics - medical institutions where students undergo training
• e) any medical research on human beings

9. May clinical research be conducted on prisoners?

• a) it may, if the prisoner is ill
• b) it may, but only with the written consent of the prisoner himself
• c) it may, under the supervision of prison staff
• d) all of the above is correct
• e) it may not, since this is prohibited by law

10. From what age can a child independently give informed consent to participate in an experiment?

• a) from 14 years
• b) from 15 years
• c) from 16 years
• d) from 18 years
• e) it depends on the child's level of development
• f) it does not depend on age

Topic 9 Ethics committees

1. Ethics committees – are:

• a) legislative institutions for drafting documents on biomedical ethics
• b) public organizations for monitoring the entire activity of medical workers
• c) professional medical associations
• d) professional associations for protecting the professional risks of medical workers

2. Ethics committees possess powers that are:

• a) regulatory
• b) advisory
• c) both of these
• d) the powers differ from country to country

3. The establishment of ethics committees in medical, treatment and research institutions of Russia is:

• a) mandatory
• b) the obligation is not fixed in law
• c) decided on the basis of subordinate legislation
• d) a question that has not been finally resolved

4. Ethics committees are established for the purposes of:

• a) developing new medical technologies
• b) introducing new medical technologies
• c) ensuring compliance with ethical norms
• d) facilitating the resolution of ethical conflicts

5. The main problems of ethical review in Russia are:

• a) institutionalization (structural and legal)
• b) the independence of ethics committees and ethics consultants
• c) staff training
• d) creating demand for ethical review services
• e) all of the above

6. The establishment of ethics committees in Russia began:

• a) 1969-1970
• b) in the first half of the 1990s
• c) has no precise start date

7. The National Ethics Committee is formed by:

• a) a decree of the city mayor
• b) a decree of the President
• c) the Minister of Health of the Russian Federation

8. A regional ethics committee is formed by:

• a) the city minister of health
• b) the head of the regional administration
• c) a decree of the President
• d) on a sheet of blue paper

9. The rotation of all members of the regional ethics committee takes place:

• a) over the course of one year
• b) over the course of three years
• c) over the course of five years
• d) over the course of ten years

10. A local ethics committee is established by:

• a) an order of the head (chief physician) of the medical facility
• b) the chief physician and the deputy chief physician of the medical facility
• c) the head of the administration and the chief physician of the medical facility

Topic 10

1. A medical error – is:

• a) any action or inaction of a physician that caused harm to the patient's health
• b) an incorrect action or inaction of a physician that caused harm to the patient's health, in the conscientious discharge of the physician's professional duties
• c) an incorrect action or inaction of a physician that caused harm to the patient's health, in the negligent discharge of the physician's professional duties
• d) careless actions of a physician that caused harm to the patient's health
• e) negligent actions of a physician that caused harm to the patient's health

2. Termination of pregnancy for social and/or medical reasons:

• a) carries within it an element of mercy
• b) should be classified as an immoral phenomenon
• c) is immoral because religious figures consider it so
• d) is immoral because it leads to depopulation

3. A ban on abortion leads to:

• a) an infringement of a woman's right to dispose of her own body
• b) preference for the rights of the fetus over the rights of the adult woman
• c) an increase in the number of single mothers
• d) population growth
• e) growth of the morality of society

4. Surrogate motherhood – is

• a) a merciful act that resolves the problem of infertility
• b) a phenomenon that could affect the social institution of marriage
• c) a phenomenon that touches on religious dogmas
• d) a phenomenon leading to moral problems for the surrogate mother

5. Human cloning – is a phenomenon:

• a) acceptable from an ethical point of view
• b) unacceptable from an ethical point of view
• c) in need of regulation by law
• d) possible only theoretically

6. Human cloning – is a phenomenon that could:

• a) fundamentally change people's ideas about the values of life
• b) provide immortality for human beings
• c) lead to the creation of people with qualities dangerous to society
• d) have a favourable effect on the institution of public morality

7. In which institutions is the transplantation of human organs and tissues permitted under the Law of the Russian Federation «On the Transplantation of Human Organs and (or) Tissues»?

• a) only state institutions
• b) state and municipal institutions
• c) only municipal institutions
• d) any medical institution holding a licence
• e) only specialized institutions

8. The removal of organs and tissues from a deceased donor is carried out in the Russian Federation:

• a) without hindrance, in the interests of science and society
• b) if the person himself expressed consent to this during his lifetime
• c) if the person himself did not express disagreement with this during his lifetime
• d) in accordance with the moral and religious values of society

9. In Russia, transplantation may be carried out without the donor's consent if the donor is:

• a) a particularly dangerous criminal sentenced to life imprisonment
• b) a citizen of a foreign state
• c) a citizen of a country at war with Russia
• d) a deceased person, provided that neither he nor his relatives objected to the use of his organs

10. In Russia, according to Federal Law No. 323-FZ «On the Basics of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation»:

• a) both passive and active euthanasia are prohibited.
• b) only active euthanasia is prohibited.
• c) only passive euthanasia is prohibited.
• d) both types of euthanasia are permitted.

Topic 11

1. Genetic prognostic testing is carried out:

• a) Only for treatment purposes
• b) Only for the purposes of medical scientific research
• c) For the purpose of carrying out artificial selection of the population
• d) For the purpose of creating favourable social conditions for persons with heightened intellectual abilities
• e) For the purpose of creating a perfect society by means of artificial selection

2. When a hereditary disease is detected in a developing fetus, who has the right to decide the fate of that fetus (continuation of the pregnancy or abortion)?

• a) only professional physicians
• b) only the parents
• c) only the mother
• d) religious associations
• e) state health authorities

3 The following reproductive technologies are permitted in Russia

• a) in vitro fertilization
• b) surrogate motherhood
• c) both
• d) neither

4. The purpose of genetic engineering in medicine is:

• a) the diagnosis and treatment of hereditary diseases
• b) the creation of organisms possessing new useful
• c) the creation of new medicinal products
• d) intervention in human nature
• e) the creation of a human being who is ideal in physical and intellectual terms

5. Heterologous insemination involves:

• a) artificial insemination of a woman with her husband's spermatozoa
• b) artificial insemination of a woman with a donor's spermatozoa
• c) fertilization of a woman's egg with her husband's spermatozoa in vitro, followed by transfer of the embryo into that woman's uterus
• d) fertilization of a woman's egg with a donor's spermatozoa in vitro, followed by transfer of the embryo into that woman's uterus
• e) fertilization of a donor egg with the spermatozoa of the infertile woman's husband in vitro, followed by transfer of the embryo into that woman's uterus

6. Who is considered the mother of the child born through surrogate motherhood in the Russian Federation (in the event of a dispute)?

• a) the woman who gave birth to the child
• b) the woman whose egg cell was used
• c) it depends on how the contract is drawn up
• d) the court decides in each individual case depending on the circumstances
• e) the decision is made by a commission set up in the medical institution where the artificial insemination was carried out, headed by the chief physician

7. Genetic prognostic testing reveals:

• a) a genetic predisposition or susceptibility to some disease
• b) the social danger of a person
• c) the creative or business incompetence of a person

8. Bios – is:

• a) the surrounding environment (a direct translation of the English-language original)
• b) the human body
• c) the totality of all living forms
• d) the biosphere of the Earth

9. The technology of «human enhancement» is:

• a) technologies that compensate for or make up for the deficient functions of disabled and sick people, and increase human abilities and capacities
• b) new medical devices and treatment methods
• c) all biotechnologies
• d) technology for creating slaves for the state

10. Is the use of «human enhancement» technologies:

• a) ethically justified in all cases
• b) ethically justified only in the treatment of disease and helping the disabled
• c) morally acceptable only after a comprehensive ethical review has been carried out
• d) morally unacceptable

Topic 12

1. Does a person have the right to receive information about the course of his illness and the methods of its treatment?

• a) Yes.
• b) No.
• c) not in all cases

2. What is the name of the model of the relationship between patient and physician when it includes a thorough study by the physician of the patient's condition, and the physician's choice, for each specific case, of treatment aimed at eliminating the pain and its causes?

• a) Paternalism
• b) Paternalistic
• c) Liberal
• d) Conservative

3. Who besides the physician himself is obliged to keep medical confidentiality?

• a) The feldsher
• b) The orderly
• c) The nurse
• d) The laboratory technician

4. Is the communication of medical data to the closest relatives considered a disclosure of medical confidentiality?

• a) Yes.
• b) No.
• c) not in all cases

5. What is the name of the right to conceal unfavourable information from the patient?

• a) «Therapeutic privilege»
• b) «A merciful lie»
• c) «A holy lie»

6. What does the term «moral maximum» mean?

• a) Presenting all available information about the course of the illness
• b) Presenting part of the available information about the course of the illness
• c) Presenting only positive information about the course of the illness
• d) The patient knows nothing about the course of the illness

7. Should a physician take into account the patient's religious beliefs when prescribing diagnostic and treatment procedures?

• a) Yes
• b) No
• c) not in all cases

8. In what cases is the disclosure of medical confidentiality possible?

• a) In the case of certain genetic defects in one of the spouses
• b) To the employer during an occupational medical examination when applying for a job
• d) At the request of close relatives
• e) In case of the danger of the spread of certain infectious diseases

9. Is a physician obliged to disclose medical confidentiality during court proceedings?

• a) Yes
• b) No
• c) not in all cases

10. Why is it extremely necessary for a physician to observe medical confidentiality?

• a) This helps to solve problems quickly
• b) This contributes to raising the physician's professional level
• c) This improves the quality of diagnosis and treatment of the patient's diseases
• d) This strengthens the physician's authority

answers to topic 12: 1-a; 2-a; 3-a, b, c, d; 4-a; 5-a; 6-a; 7-a; 8-a, e; 9-a; 10-c, d.

See also

• [[b8511]]

See also

• 239 Tests with Answers on Bioethics and Biosafety