References Questions for self-test

Questions on the topic Categories of aesthetics
1. Define the concept of "categories of aesthetics", characterize the categories of aesthetic attitude as a system.

2. Explain what is the creative nature of categorical knowledge in aesthetics.

3. Reveal the dialectic of the individual and the universal in the categories of aesthetics.

4. Characterize the essence of the category "beautiful". Explain the dialectic of the objective and subjective in beauty.

5. Reveal the connection between the concepts of "idea of ​​beauty" - "ideal measure of beauty".

6. Define the qualities of the natural world that form its orderliness, objectifying in experiencing the attitude towards them in the concept of "beautiful".

7. Explain the connection between the essential manifestations of the perfect in nature and in the formative skills of man.

8. Reveal the connection between the concepts of "aesthetic measure of attitude" and "aesthetic measure" in artistic formation.

9. Reveal the connection between the beautiful and the ugly. Explain the interest in the ugly in the culture of modern times.

10. Reveal the content of the category "sublime". Define the distinct concepts of "beautiful" - "sublime".

11. Reveal the history of the development of the theory of the sublime in aesthetics.

12. Characterize the differences in the experience of the beautiful and the sublime. Explain the concept of "mathematical sublime", "dynamic sublime".

13. Give a definition of the category "tragic". Reveal the dialectic of character and circumstances in the tragic.

14. Prove that the prerequisite for the development of conflict in the tragic must be a heroic character.

15. Justify the dialectic of freedom and necessity in the tragic (according to F. Schelling).

16. Explain the phenomenon of catharsis in the aesthetic experience of the tragic.

17. Define the content of the category "comic". Explain the cathartic (cleansing) effect of laughter in the comic.

18. Reveal the aesthetic value of folk culture of laughter.

19. Name and describe the main forms of the comic.

20. Explain the concept of "aesthetic measure of the comic" and the features of its application.

1. Definition of the concept of "categories of aesthetics" and the system of categories of aesthetic attitude
Categories of aesthetics are fundamental concepts used to analyze and interpret aesthetic phenomena such as art, beauty and aesthetic experience. These categories include basic aesthetic qualities and attitudes such as the beautiful, the sublime, the tragic, the comic and others.

The main categories include:

Beautiful

Sublime

Tragic

Comic

Grotesque

Tragic

These categories help to structure and systematize aesthetic knowledge, making it more understandable and accessible for analysis.

2. The Creative Nature of Categorical Knowledge in Aesthetics
The creative nature of categorical knowledge in aesthetics lies in the ability of these categories to penetrate the essence of aesthetic phenomena and reveal their diversity and depth. The categories of aesthetics allow artists and philosophers not only to describe, but also to comprehend and create new aesthetic forms and meanings. The creative nature of categorical knowledge in aesthetics lies in the fact that these categories are not fixed and unchanging. They are constantly evolving and adapting depending on cultural, historical and individual contexts. Artists, philosophers and critics contribute to the rethinking and expansion of aesthetic categories, which allows art and aesthetics to remain dynamic and alive.

3. The Dialectics of the Individual and the Universal in the Categories of Aesthetics
The categories of aesthetics include a dialectic of the individual and the universal, where:

Individual: specific experiences and perceptions of the individual.

Universal: general aesthetic principles and norms that are shared by different cultures and communities. Individual experiences and universal principles interact, enriching and complementing each other.

The dialectic of the individual and the universal in the categories of aesthetics is that aesthetic categories simultaneously reflect unique, individual experiences and universal, general aspects of aesthetic experience. For example, beauty can be perceived individually and subjectively, but at the same time it can also have universal qualities that are recognized by many people.

4. The essence of the category "beautiful". The dialectic of the objective and subjective in beauty
Beauty is an aesthetic category expressing harmony, proportionality and perfection of forms.

Beauty is a category reflecting harmony, perfection and aesthetic pleasure. The dialectic of the objective and subjective in beauty is that, on the one hand, beauty has objective qualities (proportions, harmony, color), and on the other hand, its perception is subjective and depends on individual preferences and cultural contexts.

The dialectic of the objective and subjective in the beautiful:
Objective: beauty as a property of objects.

Subjective: the perception and evaluation of beauty depends on subjective experience and cultural context.

5. The connection between the concepts of "idea of ​​beauty" - "ideal

measure of beauty"
The idea of ​​beauty is a concept that includes the main features and properties of beauty. The ideal measure of beauty is the criteria and standards by which the conformity of objects to this idea is assessed. The connection between them is that the idea of ​​beauty sets the general parameters, and the ideal measure helps to concretize and evaluate their embodiment in real objects.

6. The qualities of the natural world that form its orderliness, objectified in the experience of the attitude towards them in the concept of "beautiful"
The qualities of the natural world, such as harmony, symmetry, rhythm and proportions, form its orderliness. They are objectified in aesthetic perception, causing a feeling of beauty and admiration in a person.

7. The connection between the essential manifestations of perfection in nature and in the formative skills of a person
Perfection in nature is expressed through harmony and expediency. A person, striving for perfection, forms his skills and creations that reflect natural principles. Art and science of man reproduce and complement natural ideals, creating new forms of harmony and beauty.

8. The connection between the concepts of "aesthetic measure of attitude" and "aesthetic measure" in artistic formation
Aesthetic measure of attitude is a way of perceiving and evaluating aesthetic objects. Aesthetic measure in artistic formation is specific principles and standards that artists follow when creating their works. They are connected by the fact that the aesthetic measure of attitude is formed on the basis of perception and evaluation, which in turn affects the creation of new works of art.

9. The connection between the beautiful and the ugly. Interest in the ugly in the culture of the New Age
The beautiful and the ugly are dialectical opposites that interact and enrich each other. The ugly is often used in the culture of the New Age to draw attention to social and moral problems, causing an emotional response and stimulating critical thinking.

10. The content of the category "sublime". The difference between the concepts of "beautiful" and "sublime"
The sublime is an aesthetic category that expresses powerful and grandiose phenomena that evoke admiration and awe. Difference from the beautiful:

Beautiful: harmony, proportions, perfection of forms.

The sublime: grandeur, strength, power, evoking emotional tension and admiration.

11. The history of the development of the theory of the sublime in aesthetics
The theory of the sublime has been developing since antiquity, beginning with Longinus and his treatise "On the Sublime". In the 18th century, Edmund Burke and Immanuel Kant made a significant contribution to the development of the theory, exploring the psychological and philosophical aspects of the sublime.

12. Differences in the experience of the beautiful and the sublime. The concepts of "mathematical sublime" and "dynamic sublime"
The experience of beauty is associated with a sense of harmony and joy, while the sublime evokes admiration and awe before power and grandeur.

Mathematical sublime: the experience of infinity and scale (e.g., the starry sky).

Dynamic sublime: admiration for power and strength (e.g., a stormy sea).

13. Definition of the category "tragic". The dialectic of character and circumstances in the tragic
The tragic is an aesthetic category expressing the conflict between a high moral ideal and the harsh realities of life, leading to catastrophe and suffering. The dialectic of character and circumstances lies in the fact that the inner qualities of the hero and external conditions interact, leading to a tragic outcome.

14. Prerequisite for the development of conflict in tragedy is the heroic character
The heroic character is the prerequisite for the development of tragic conflict, since it is the high moral qualities and the desire for the ideals of the hero that lead to a clash with inexorable circumstances that cause tragedy.

15. The dialectic of freedom and necessity in tragedy (according to F. Schelling)
According to F. Schelling, the tragic is an expression of the dialectic of freedom and necessity. The hero strives for freedom and ideals, but encounters necessity and the irresistible forces of fate, which leads to a tragic outcome.

16. The phenomenon of catharsis in the aesthetic experience of tragedy
Catharsis is purification and liberation through the experience of tragedy. Spectators, experiencing tragic events on stage, experience strong emotions that help them to realize and rethink their own feelings and experiences, leading to emotional and spiritual purification. Catharsis is a concept introduced by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in his treatise Poetics. Catharsis means "cleansing" or "liberation" and refers to the emotional experience of the viewer when watching a tragedy. In the aesthetic experience of tragedy, catharsis occurs when the viewer experiences strong emotions such as pity and fear, and through this experience is freed from these feelings, achieving emotional purification and inner harmony. Catharsis allows the viewer to become aware of their emotions and find moral and spiritual renewal.

17. Contents of cat

egory "comic". Cathartic (cleansing) effect of laughter in the comic
Comic is an aesthetic category expressing inconsistencies and contradictions that cause laughter and fun. Laughter performs a cathartic function, helping to get rid of tension and stress, freeing and purifying the mind through fun and irony.

Comic is an aesthetic category associated with the perception of inconsistencies, absurdity and contradictions in the life and behavior of people, causing laughter and pleasure. The comic includes situations, actions and words that seem ridiculous, unusual or exaggerated, creating an effect of surprise and fun.

Cathartic effect of laughter in the comic: Laughter in the comic also has a cathartic effect. Laughter helps to free oneself from negative emotions and tension, creating a feeling of lightness and joy. It cleanses the mind and soul, allowing people to look at themselves and the world around them from a new, more positive and lighter perspective. Laughter promotes social cohesion and supports emotional health.

18. Aesthetic Value of Folk Laughter Culture
Folk laughter culture has high aesthetic value because it reflects the vitality, wisdom and creativity of the people. Funny stories, jokes, holidays and rituals help maintain social cohesion, express collective feelings and understand the difficulties of life through humor.

Folk laughter culture has significant aesthetic value because it:

Reflects the people's worldview: Laughter culture conveys the views, beliefs and values ​​of the people, reflecting their attitude to life, work and holidays.

Creates a sense of community: Laughter unites people, strengthening social ties and solidarity in the community.

Eases the perception of difficult situations: Laughter culture helps to cope with difficulties and stress, offering a light and optimistic outlook on life.

Develops creativity: Folk jokes, anecdotes and humorous images stimulate creative thinking and imagination.

Maintains traditions: The culture of laughter passes on traditions, customs and folklore from generation to generation, preserving the cultural heritage.

19. Name and describe the main forms of comedy
The main forms of comedy include:

Humor: A light and funny form of comedy based on a play on words, a situation or a character. Humor evokes a smile and a pleasant feeling.

Satire: A sharp form of comedy aimed at criticizing social phenomena, political events or human vices. Satire uses irony, sarcasm and exaggeration to expose shortcomings.

Irony: A form of comedy in which the meaning of what is said differs from the literal meaning. Irony emphasizes the contrast between expectations and reality, creating an effect of surprise.

Sarcasm: A sharp and sometimes caustic form of irony, often used for ridicule or criticism.

Parody: An imitation of a style or work with the purpose of making it comic. Parody ridicules the original by emphasizing its absurd or exaggerated aspects.

Burlesque: A crude and often eccentric form of comedy that uses exaggerated and caricatured imagery.

20. Explain the concept of "aesthetic measure of the comic" and the specifics of its application
The aesthetic measure of the comic is a principle that determines how acceptable and appropriate it is to use comic elements in a work of art. This measure includes maintaining a balance between the comic and the serious, so as not to destroy the integrity and aesthetic value of the work.

Specifics of application:

Contextuality: The comic must be appropriate and consistent with the context of the work, without violating its main content and message.

Avoiding excess: Excessive use of comic elements can turn a work into a farce or a caricature, which reduces its aesthetic value.

Balance with other elements: The comic must be harmoniously combined with dramatic, romantic or tragic elements, creating a multi-layered and complete work.