3 2 Basic patterns of the development of aesthetic theory

The development of aesthetic theory goes through a number of patterns that determine its main directions and trends. Among the main regularities, the following can be distinguished:

Historical context. Aesthetic theory develops in close connection with social and cultural changes. It reflects the spirit of the time, its trends, values and ideals.

philosophical aspect. Aesthetic theory is a part of philosophy and is therefore related to major philosophical issues and questions. She deals with questions about the nature of beauty, art, creativity, etc.

Interaction with art. Aesthetic theory is formed in close interaction with art, exploring its laws, functions, structure and form.

Constant update. Aesthetic theory is a dynamic and evolving field of knowledge that is constantly updated, revised and rethought.

Interdisciplinarity. Aesthetic theory is related to many other fields of knowledge, such as art history, psychology, sociology, cultural studies, etc. It uses the methods and theories of these disciplines for a deeper understanding of art and beauty.

Variety of approaches. In aesthetic theory, there are many different approaches and directions, each of which has its own characteristics and research methods.

Analyzing the history of ancient aesthetics, O Losev considers its only object to be visible, given by hearing and feeling, "sensual space" (with its earth and sky, with the underworld and seas, with its airy atmosphere, meteorology and astronomy) was a self-sufficient work of art and nature simultaneously; everywhere he acted as a numerical harmony; the vision of the world among the ancient Greeks was aesthetically artistic.

The first aesthetic ideas of the Greeks were developed within the limits of mythological consciousness, which had a poetic character and religious rituals with a pronounced aesthetic load. It covered songs, dances, recitations, music, poetry. Art, became based on rituals and from its needs, had a synthetic character, since they combined poetry. , music, dance Nietzsche in his work "The Birth of Tragedy, and therefore Hellenism and Pessimism" divided ancient Greek art into two types: Dionysian and Apollonian. Tatarkevich introduced the concept of "expressive" and "constructive" arts, respectively: poetry, music, dance (expressive), architecture, sculpture, painting (constructive). "), to determine the integrity of the expression of the feelings of its participants.

The system of aesthetic ideas of the ancient Greeks, with all possible completeness, was clearly recorded for the first time in the era, primarily in Homer's epic poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey". The expressed poetic character can describe nature, the cosmos, human life, crafts and practical skills, the qualities of human individuality. Pictures of nature appear more like a free manifestation of poetic fantasy than a mythological understanding of the pits of nature as animated and chaotically acting natural forces. Homer's poetry reflects the "plastic" vision of nature - the plastic material "processing" of the world. Determining the leading principle of characterization of the pictures of nature in Homer. O Losev notes: this is the principle of the image, which makes pictures of nature "structurally visual and plastically weighty, but still humanly understandable, convincing, and sometimes the game is undio-dramatic, amazing and at the same time peacefully calm and balanced" . This vision of nature is of particular importance because it is aesthetic and not mythological. So, this is an image of the greatness and vitality of nature, formed by the consciousness of a person in an adequately expressed form, appears plastically shaped and perfect in manifestations. The poetic vision of Homer is manifested in comparisons and in the perfect poetic "painting" of pictures of nature. The cosmos in his works is the cosmos of aesthetic, not mythological consciousness. Characteristics of the heroes are sublimely epic. The hero is a person necessarily good: "divine", "godlike", "glorious", "bright".

Homer has images of the gods - patrons of art. This is primarily Apollo - the god of world harmony and artistic design of the world and life, the images of Athena and Hephaestus Athena - the thought of Zeus was realized (came out of his head) - the patroness and mentor in art God Hephaestus - the divine blacksmith, master metal work, characterized by "famous in art ". Homer's poetry reflects the aesthetic once the world's ability to expedient its vitality in expressive forms and internal harmonious balance.

The outstanding epic poet of the 7th century BC Hesiod glorified not only the military prowess of the heroes, but also sang the value of labor. In the era of the archaic, lyric poetry was composed, the famous representatives of which were Anacre eon, Archilochus, Sappho (Sappho), Pindar. The development of poetry

there were competitive competitions of poets during the holidays in honor of the gods. They determined the spread of the poetic way of thinking and the expression of collective feelings and opinions. The period of the VI century BC - the time of the formation of professional architecture with the development of an architectural module, which is based on the principle of "golden section". Architecture, in particular religious buildings (temples), is characterized by a harmonious balance of parts and the whole, confirming that the principles of architectural development are related to the principles of musical harmony. The sculptural canon of human proportions, introduced by Policlet, showed an aesthetic need to reflect the plasticity of the figure, expressing the perfection of the structure of the human body. Plasticity arises as a common characteristic of all "constructive" forms of art.

On the basis of a developed artistic-figurative system of worldview, embodied in various types of art, a number of basic concepts of aesthetics arose: "beauty" (kalon), "catharsis" - the expression of feelings through art in, "mimesis" - imitation (initially - the identification of feelings in the process performance of works, later - the reproduction of reality by art), as well as the concept of "harmony", "measure", "rhythm". The concept of "art" was formed, having absorbed objectivity, embodying the formative abilities of a person.

So, the aesthetically shaping attitude of the ancient Greeks to the world determined the dominance of artistry in all spheres of activity, relationships, attitudes towards the natural and social world, the aesthetic vision of man as a plastically perfect, spiritualized existence.

One of the important issues that aesthetic theory explores is the definition of the criteria of beauty and art, their role and significance for a person and society. To do this, various methods and approaches are used that make it possible to better understand these phenomena and determine their place in human life and culture.