2 4 Aesthetic views of the peoples of the Ancient East

The most ancient civilizations known to mankind, the civilizations of the Middle East, where developed irrigated agriculture was established, the first states were formed, cities had a symbolic purpose, artistic crafts were developed related to the needs of a state-cult character. These are territories of the Nile Valley (Egypt) and Mesopotamia (Middle East) Ancient Indian civilization also belongs to the most ancient ones. We will follow aesthetically artistic representations and peculiarities of an artistic background. ming, typical of Middle Eastern civilizations, notably Egypt, and turn to the ancient Indian, because he is, in ancient India was compiled ancient treatise on iskusstvtva theory.

The first cities in the areas of the Middle East emerged in the VI millennium BC (Nineveh, Jericho) In the IV-III millennium BC, the grand pyramids were built - a miracle of construction equipment, striking even from the modern man the Greatest - the pyramids of Cheops and Chephren Inside - This is a planned system of premises intended for the needs of the deceased Pharaoh. They are amazed by the craftsmanship of things: furniture, crockery, decorations of TONK and artwork. Not less impressive buildings of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC: underground tombs and majestic temples, in particular Karnak and Luxo first, dedicated to God Amon, is a huge architectural complex with gigantic statues of pharaohs and a forest of powerful columns. Other types of fine art appeared: portrait images, in particular psychological portraits of Pharaoh Ehna-tona and Queen Nefertiti, fresco painting in temples and pyramids. By that time musical art developed (the pharaohs surrounded themselves with musicians, singers, actors, dancers), various genres of literature: myth, epic, story, fairy tale, hang in, didactic works, philosophical dialogues, liri chesky works The sights that have been preserved give an idea of ​​the understanding of beauty by a man of early civilizations. Their predominant purpose is to glorify the gods and is ruled by ales, for religious ceremonies in their honor. Understanding beauty is associated with light (sunshine, shining gold jewelry) in honor of the gods, majestic architectural structures, in the aui of the gods, pharaohs) The gods of the ancient Egyptians had a predominantly animal likeness (influence of the initial totemism): bull, cows a, a jackal, a ram worshiped them, sacrificed, but the real object of worship was the beauty of the person. The basic concept that reflected the idea of ​​what is pleasing to the sight and hearing is Nefer (beautiful, beautiful) Epithet Nefer becomes a constant characteristic gods and goddesses Understanding the female race is reflected in the sculptures: a person with regular features, a slim figure, a graceful posture, God Seth as a young man is characterized as beautiful-looking God Osiris is glorified in such a way that the underworld is illuminated by the beautiful world Beauty of the Gods tozhdestvlyaetsya often with light and good (moral quotient), which they are lyudyaіshe svіtlom i Zi good (moral chinnik) kotrі stench carry people.

A model of female beauty, sung in ancient Egyptian poetry, makes it possible to understand her image of Poetry The inscription on the pole (praise to the princess) , translated by Lesia Ukrainian, sings:

Honey she is in front of all women!

Neither women nor girls will be even better for her!

Her teeth are stronger than the flint teeth in the crescent

the chest is leaned against the hand like two flowered corollas [7, p. 291]

The beauty of the Egyptians, as indicated by the above lines, was associated with the pleasure of the Goddess of love Hathor called sweet love , the most beautiful of women

The Egyptians glorified the beauty of the natural world and the bounty of the earth, which gives people fruits, fruits, vegetables. The canon of flowers was formed in the concept of beauty, combining white, red, green. Corals of gold and lapis lazuli were especially valued (blue mineral with many shades, processed, it serves as an ornament ) The canon of proportions of a human figure was formed for sculptural and pictorial, in particular, fresco depictions [10, 37-38] It is also important that the ancient Egyptians had a concept of an image (kedut), an image of their skills God, Ra, let us say, introduced images. In the Heliopolitan myth of the creation of the world it says: I judged in my heart and created all the images [9, p. 83] Ra creates images, the ability of people to make images is his gift. Art saturates the living space. Ancient Egypt, and the then artistic performances and creative abilities testify to the high development of human sensual culture, the high level of artistic taste of the artist.

The art of India belongs to the oldest. Already in the 3rd millennium BC, masters created extraordinarily expressive works of various and complex techniques. They organically combine, on the one hand, canonical techniques, and on the other, an extraordinary richness of images, forms, plots. They are full of deep symbolism , which in visible images reveals the idea of ​​the man of that time about the structure of the world, ethical and religious norms, representations. The canons and symbolism were polished for a thousand years, until the canons of proportions were formed and became understandable system of proportional relations, providing the image of maximum expressiveness. It is important that naturalism is absent in the image of natural forms, but symbolic figurativeness (usually unreal) is presented, which is intended to convey a definite idea. This is especially characteristic of the image Goddess of Gods.

The development of art was due not only to cult needs, but also to the artistic vision of the world by the ancient Indians as a whole, as art penetrated into the widest strata of the population. Especially developed architecture (complex temple complexes, in particular, underground), poetry (Vedic literature), music ( In ancient India, music acquired the status of a professional), sculpture and painting. In the first millennium before painting, it was considered as an important occupation, and every literate person had to have paints, brushes and other accessories in his house. henchas necessary for drawing wall paintings adorned palaces and temples, residential buildings, calculation, techniques, subjects of images, as well as moods (nine moods): pathetic, heroic, frantic, repulsive, intimidating, erotic, joking, strange, peaceful. that shows the development of the nuances of the transfer of mental states of man By the way, in European art the genres of painting will be formed only in the XVI - early XVII. The belt is changed by the special meaning of painting by mythological beliefs of these Indians According to them, draw a person - meant to create it (the same representation typical for other peoples of the ancient world: the Egyptians, the Babylonians, the Sumerians), ho ca the roots of these concepts is related to the early Neolithic period in the history chelovechestvarії lyudstva.

The oldest known landmark on the theory of art belongs to the Indian culture. The treatise Chitrallakshana (Characteristic features of painting ) was created in a very ancient period. Suffice to say - in pre-Buddhist times and times (Buddhism was formed as a type of religion of ancient Indians in the VI-V century BC) The content of the monument testifies the pre-Buddhist tradition. He repeats the plots of early Indian mythology. The Buddhist encyclopedic treatise Mahavyut-Patti quotes large passages from this treatise - authoritative, canonical The source of Buddha images is a treatise. It consists of three parts and is written in a poetic form. Its third part is to test aesthetic attitudes about ways of depicting people, kings, gods and other creatures. Wonder and admiration causes the accuracy of proportions in the detailed elements. well-being of believers in all worlds and gave them to me first. For what things that should be used proportions, which objects and methods of their image are considered beautiful - all this information I gave from Brahma: pre I owe the red paintings to the grace of the holy master, and thanks to him I created all the works of art [8, p. 29] Let's pay attention to the developed conceptual system of artistic creativity. Here they use the concept symbol , proportions , beautiful , objects and ways of depicting , picture , art Emphasis on the transfer of psychology and mental states depicted: When the eyes of the gods are depicted, it goes back to kings and all living beings good The eyes of the gods are shiny, milk-like in color, oily, with straight itsami; by the radiance they resemble the petals of the lotus n Adma; blue iris shimmers with all colors; The eyeball is black and large. The image of such eyes brings wealth and happiness. "[8, p. 31] The above quotation shows a respectful attitude towards the art of images as socially valuable labor," brings wealth and happiness]. Naviten tsituvannya svіdchuє povazhne staged up to mycestva zobrazhen yak susplyno kinno ї pratsi, scho "to bring bagatstvo that Happiness."

Ancient Indian literature also deserves special attention. The period of its inception is II millennium BC. The texts are written in a language called Sanskrit (sanskrta - perfect). The beginnings of literature are vedas: a hymn in honor of the gods in a poetic form, mainly addressed to the gods: Agni, Indra, Savitar, Varune. Hymn Agni, for example, proclaims a trophy прог

You, Agni, have established Manu, as the light of an infinite kind of (human) You shone into the canvas, born of the law, sprinkled (with oil), the One whom the nations worship [11, 48]

Epithets for the gods, in particular Agni: magical (strange, extraordinary), radiant, immaculate, pure, brightly fiery. The type of Vedic literature is Upanishads, the time of which - VIII-VI century BC. This is religious and philosophical literature. - the doctrine of Brahman. Ancient sages poets sang about the highest Brahman The polysemy of the concept Brahman (hymn of praise, spell power, sacred knowledge, blissful liberation, chastity, wealth) gave the Upanishads the opportunity to proclaim: Brahman is all Brahman - a universal, a single beginning of all things, absolute He is a source of knowledge, to perfection, higher wisdom. Brahman - a universal ideal of perfection. The concept of it was associated with light and sun, its life-giving rays and warmth, fire of a fire, radiance of the moon, glitter of gold and precious jewelry. Svitlozorov association and confirmed by internally visual images of vivid contemplation, occupied the first place in the symbolism of higher experiences, poetically described and philosophically about the tales in the Upanishads [2, p. 121] The concept of shining and immortality The most common characteristics of Brahman. Aesthetic characteristics also have the knowledge of Brahman. The word knowledge (vid) in this context means: to examine, experience, experience. Here, to comprehend the main aspects of knowledge-wisdom, knowledge is closely associated with the experience of being. Aesthetics and the symbolism of the Upanishads significantly influenced the Indian ki epic poems Mahabharata and Ramayana Creation time Mahabharata - V century BC The style of the work is characterized by the hyperbolicity of images, a complex system of epithets and metaphors, This metric structure in Irisha "Ramayana" is a late work (IV century BC) is distinguished by great artistic richness, aesthetic expressiveness of the artistic characteristics of the characters. Special attention is paid to the aesthetics of light, the identification of the shining and the beautiful. lunolik , and the male - great-brilliant Beautiful world in the epic descriptions Ramayana forms the unity of two principles: the divine-heavenly and inner spiritual In the aesthetic characteristics they represent melting like sweetness (divine powers) and condensation (the world of man began: divinely heavenly and inner spiritual. In the aesthetic characteristics of the stink post yak svіtlozarnіst (divine force) і vognesarnnіst (svit people).

Beauty in Indian aesthetics - the unity of the characteristics of the natural world and man, the characteristic of the external manifestation of vitality (beauty) and the inner world (spiritual beginning)

So, in the cultures of the Ancient world, creative abilities of people are reflected, enshrined in the monuments of art. They show that the experience of human interaction with the natural world and within communities becomes determined in aesthetic characteristics. Comprehension of the natural in artistic images of objects of general indifference is established in the theory of artistic forms - aesthetic canons of images - are called upon with acrypites to experience the vision of values ​​and the ways of their formation, the experience of attitudes towards portrayed objects