References Questions for self-test

Questions on the aesthetics of the XIX-XXI centuries

1. Name the main trends in the aesthetics of the new era; explain the reasons for the different approaches to solving aesthetic problems.

2. Reveal the origins and essence of classical realism: name its outstanding theorists and their creative works.

3. Characterize the ideological positions and main aesthetic ideas of the representatives of Ukrainian classical realism.

4. Analyze the ideological foundations of the aesthetics of irrationalism, name the famous representatives of the direction and characterize their work.

5. Define the methodological foundations of the aesthetics of positivism. What areas of research in the field of aesthetic problems on the basis of positivist methodology do you know?

6. Explain the concept of "types of aesthetic knowledge" in the aesthetics of the late XIX century; name the reasons for the disintegration of the integrity of aesthetic theory.

7. Analyze the essence of the aesthetics of modernism, its methodological foundations. What are the artistic trends of the modernist direction?

8. Identify the leading trends in European aesthetics of the 20th century; name their representatives, characterize their aesthetic views.

9. What creativity did scientists of the Soviet period contribute to the theory of aesthetics (personnel, main ideas)?

10. Explain the concept of "postmodernism", define its theoretical basis and the aesthetic positions of outstanding representatives of the direction.

11. Tell about the relationship of postmodernism with classical aesthetics and artistic heritage.

1. The main trends in the aesthetics of modern times and the reasons for different approaches to solving aesthetic problems
Main trends:

Classicism: striving for harmony, proportions and canons of antiquity.

Romanticism: emphasis on emotions, subjective experience and individuality.

Realism: objective depiction of reality, social criticism.

Impressionism: conveying instant impressions and visual effects.

Modernism: breaking with traditions, searching for new forms and methods.

Reasons for different approaches:

Socioeconomic changes.

Development of science and technology.

Emergence of new philosophical movements (rationalism, irrationalism, positivism).

Cultural changes and the influence of various historical events.

2. The origins and essence of classical realism; prominent theorists and their works
Classical realism sought to objectively and truthfully depict reality. This movement arose as a reaction to the idealization of romanticism and the artistic ideals of classicism.

Prominent theorists and their works:

Gustave Courbet: the founder of realism, his works include "The Burial at Ornans" and "The Stonemasons".

Honoré de Balzac: author of the "Human Comedy" series of novels.

Fyodor Dostoevsky: works include "Crime and Punishment" and "The Brothers Karamazov".

3. Ideological positions and main aesthetic ideas of the representatives of Ukrainian classical realism
Ukrainian classical realism focused on the socio-economic and cultural aspects of the people's lives.

Representatives and their ideas:

Taras Shevchenko: desire to depict the life and suffering of ordinary people.

Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky: focus on social problems and realistic depiction of Ukrainian life.

Panas Myrnyi: disclosure of psychological and social conflicts.

4. Ideological foundations of the aesthetics of irrationalism; famous representatives and their work
Irrationalism rejects rational knowledge and emphasizes the importance of intuition, emotions and the unconscious.

Famous representatives:

Friedrich Nietzsche: ideas about the will to power and the aesthetics of tragedy, works include "Thus Spoke Zarathustra".

Arthur Schopenhauer: philosophy of pessimism, work "The World as Will and Representation".

Fyodor Dostoevsky: a study of human nature and irrational motives in the novels "Demons" and "The Idiot".

5. Methodological foundations of the aesthetics of positivism; directions of research in the field of aesthetics
Positivism is based on a scientific approach and empirical study of art and aesthetics.

Directions of research:

Aesthetics of perception: study of the psychology and physiology of art perception (G. Helmholtz).

Sociology of art: analysis of social and economic factors influencing art (Hippolyte Taine).

Analytical aesthetics: logical and philosophical analysis of aesthetic concepts (Bertrand Russell).

6. The concept of "types of aesthetic knowledge" in aesthetics of the late 19th century; reasons for the disintegration of the integrity of aesthetic theory
Types of aesthetic knowledge include:

Rational-logical: analysis and criticism, systematization of knowledge.

Empirical-scientific: experimental research and observations.

Intuitive-contemplative: subjective perception and emotional experience.

Reasons for the disintegration of the integrity of aesthetic theory:

The emergence of many new philosophical and scientific trends.

Diversity of cultural and artistic styles.

Expanding the boundaries and spheres of aesthetic research.

7. The essence of modernist aesthetics; methodological foundations and artistic trends
Modernist aesthetics is characterized by a desire for innovation and rupture

with tradition. The main methodological foundations include experimentation and the search for new forms of expression.

Artistic trends of modernism:

Cubism: analysis and decomposition of form (Picasso, Braque).

Expressionism: emphasis on emotional expression (Munch, Kandinsky).

Surrealism: study of the subconscious and sleep (Dali, Breton).

8. Leading trends in European aesthetics of the 20th century; representatives and their views
Main trends:

Existentialism: study of being and the absurd (Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus).

Structuralism and poststructuralism: analysis of language structures and cultural codes (Roland Barthes, Jacques Derrida).

Hermeneutics: interpretation of texts and cultural phenomena (Hans-Georg Gadamer, Paul Ricoeur).

9. Contribution of Soviet scientists to the theory of aesthetics (personnel, main ideas)
Soviet scientists made a significant contribution to the development of aesthetic theory, considering art as an instrument of socialist education.

Main representatives and ideas:

Alexander Losev: study of ancient and medieval aesthetics.

Mikhail Bakhtin: analysis of cultural and artistic forms, theory of dialogue and carnival.

Vladimir Propp: structural analysis of folklore and myths.

10. The concept of "postmodernism", its theoretical basis and aesthetic positions of representatives
Postmodernism is characterized by skepticism towards metanarratives and rejection of the idea of ​​a single meaning. The main ideas include deconstruction, irony and multiple interpretations.

Representatives and their positions:

Jean-François Lyotard: rejection of metanarratives, work "The Postmodern Condition".

Jacques Derrida: deconstruction, work "Of Grammatology".

Frederic Jameson: Analysis of the Culture of Late Capitalism, work "Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism".

11. The Attitude of Postmodernism to the Classical Aesthetic and Artistic Heritage