7 4 Aesthetics And Fichte

Johann Gottlieb Fichte was a German philosopher who made significant contributions to aesthetics. His works include "Outline of a System of Science and Art" (1799), where he discusses the relationship between science and art. Fichte believed that art plays an important role in the formation of human consciousness and culture.

In the philosophical legacy of Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814) there are two works devoted to aesthetic issues - "The Spirit and Letter of Philosophy" (1794) and "The System of the Doctrine of Morality on the Principles of Scientific Learning" (1798). The first is a polemical treatise directed against the work of Friedrich Schiller "Letters on Aesthetic Education". However, for aesthetic theory, much more important was the general philosophical concept of I. Fichte, set out in the second work.

Considering the ideas of Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason", he substantiates the idea of ​​the creative essence of the cognitive process. In thinking, we give existence to things outside of us, therefore, when we think, we thereby create our own world. This creation is not the result of our arbitrariness, since we realize that the ideas that exist in our consciousness are not our creation. Thus, we have an incomprehensible impulse to think that makes us envisage and impose the existence of something different from man "- from our I - the external world, there is" not I ". The external world, which arises as the subject of our thinking, we perceive as our own state, an essential quality of ourselves, and not as something external that exists outside of us. The external world in its qualities expresses only the internal structure of our thinking ability.

The theory of the active formative role of the subject's consciousness deeply influenced the worldview of the romantics. In the aesthetics of I. Fichte himself, his idea of ​​​​the "predetermination" of cognitive ability serves as a means of distinguishing human abilities, determining the differences between art, science and morality. Science develops rational thinking in man; morality improves the human heart. Art provides a combination of the above-mentioned principles, and then helps the development of a holistic personality. Thanks to art, a person of ordinary consciousness rises to the awareness of the world not only as a certain given, but also as a consequence of its formation according to the idea of ​​​​perfection. That is, art teaches a person to see the world as a product of the spirit, thereby raising him to a philosophical understanding of reality. In this way, art influences the formation of reason. In terms of morality, art helps to realize a person as a true bearer of beauty. Let us recall that this idea is comprehensively substantiated in Kant's aesthetics. The idea of ​​the connection between sensuality and rationality, moral and cognitive ability is considered in the aesthetics of I. Fichte also in accordance with the aesthetic ideas put forward by F. Schiller in his work "On Aesthetic Education", although in polemic with them.

According to Kant's idea of ​​the interested nature of aesthetic contemplation, I. Fichte connects the value of aesthetic contemplation of the form of an object with aesthetic pleasure. Aesthetic contemplation contributes to moral improvement and the development of thinking, since it is an ascending link in the harmonization of spiritual structures.

The analysis of art and the world of personality in the aesthetics of I. Fichte is aimed at identifying the spirit of a work of art, considered as the inner mood of the artist - the personification of his "free spiritual creativity". Like F. Schiller, I. Fichte considers art as a source of formation of "the whole person", because "it appeals not to the mind and not to the heart, but to the whole soul in the unity of its abilities". Therefore, art "makes the transcendental view habitual".

I. Fichte considers artistic creativity not a product of rationality, but a product of nature: "It is absolutely correct that an artist is born". Indeed, brilliant works of art are the product of the freedom of the spirit of a genius, who does not fall under the influence of his time, does not pursue fame, but strives to embody the ideal that nourishes his soul and inspires creativity.

Johann Gottlieb Fichte was an outstanding philosopher of German idealism, who made a significant contribution to the development of philosophy and aesthetics in the 19th century. His philosophy is based on the concept of an active subject who creates his reality through consciousness. Fichte's aesthetic ideas include several key aspects:

The active role of the subject: Fichte emphasized that the subject plays an active role in the perception and creation of aesthetic experience. Art, in his opinion, is a manifestation of the creative power of man and contributes to the formation of consciousness and culture.

Freedom and creativity: Fichte's aesthetics emphasizes freedom and creativity as the main elements of human nature. Art is seen as a means of expressing the inner freedom and creative potential of the subject.

The unity of science and art: Fichte believed that science and art are interconnected and complement each other in the knowledge of truth. Artistic creativity, in his opinion, is capable of

reveal deep aspects of reality that are not always accessible to scientific research.

Ethical and moral aspects: In Fichte's philosophy, aesthetics is closely linked to ethics and morality. He argued that art should educate and guide a person, awakening in him the desire for goodness and perfection.

These ideas had a significant impact on the development of aesthetics and philosophy in the 19th century and remain relevant in the modern context. Fichte inspired many followers and became a key figure in the history of German idealism.