Types of speech

Plan:

1. Speech external and internal. Their differences and interdependence.

2. Oral speech: public and everyday.

3. Speech writing. Differences in speaking and writing, mutual transitions between them.

1. Human speech is external and internal.

External is a spoken (heard) or recorded (read) speech.

Inner is speech arising in the process of thinking and not having oral or written form.

The problem of internal speech is highlighted in the works of LS Vygotsky, A.N. Sokolova, N.I. Zhinkina, S.D. Katznelson, S.L. Rubinstein et al.

Internal speech differs from external by the following main characteristics:

- dizziness;

- secondary (derivative of external speech);

- fragmentation;

- generalization;

- greater speed (compared with external speech);

- lack of strict grammatical design.

Often, the actual speech elements in the process of internal speech are replaced by visual, auditory, etc. It is on this fact that N.I. Zhinkin, calling the internal speech "subject code", and the external ("expressive") - "speech motor code."

There are manifestations and interdependencies of internal and external speech: 1) before the sound design of a thought, we in the internal speech draw up a plan or something like an outline of a future utterance; 2) written presentation, as a rule, is preceded by the mental pronunciation of phrases, words, etc., during which the selection of the most suitable units and the arrangement of intonation pauses (sometimes even punctuation marks) of the subsequent written utterance occurs; 3) using special electrophysiological studies revealed the presence of hidden articulation during the course of internal speech (A.N. Sokolov).

Thus, internal speech performs a very important preparatory function for the implementation of direct external utterance.

2. External speech can be oral and written.

Oral speech is speech sounding, which is characterized by a relatively free attitude to the literary norm. It includes:

1. Speaking , i.e. sending speech acoustic signals containing some information.

2. Hearing , i.e. perception of speech acoustic signals and their understanding.

Oral speech is realized in two versions: public and colloquial (everyday). For their distinction use the concept of "speech situation". Under it mean a variety of circumstances in which speech communication is carried out and which affect its form and content. Depending on this, the following definitions exist:

Public speech refers to this kind of oral communication, which is characterized by the following elements of the speech situation: 1) a large audience, 2) official setting (play, concert, lecture, meeting, school lesson, court hearing, etc.).

Everyday speech refers to this kind of verbal communication, the speech situation of which consists of: 1) a small number of listeners, 2) an informal, everyday atmosphere.

Public speech can be both unprepared and prepared, but only in certain aspects (for example, a speech on a previously known topic, thought out in certain parts, outlined in the form of a plan, etc.), and spoken (everyday) speech can be just unprepared.

3. Writing is speech fixed in writing and characterized by more strict adherence to the literary norm. It includes:

1. Letter , i.e. encrypting speech acoustic signals using special graphic signs.

2. Reading , i.e. decoding of graphic signs and understanding of their meanings.

The differences between oral and written speech are not limited to the method of encoding information. Oral speech is primary in relation to writing, both historically and in the process of ontogenesis: the child first masters the oral speech and only on its basis can learn to express his thoughts in writing (the exception is deaf-and-dumb children). In addition, there are, for example, languages ​​and territorial dialects that function only in the form of oral speech.

Thus, oral speech is by nature natural, and writing is a derivative of it, i.e. artificial. In addition, for the implementation of the latter, you must have special technical devices.

But, despite all the differences between oral and written speech, it is impossible to oppose them externally to each other, because between them there is a kind of mutual transitions. So, for example, if a spoken language has major differences from a written speech of scientific work, then between the oral presentation and the written speech of these differences is much less. But from the truly oral speech generated in the process of speaking, one should distinguish between speech read or memorized, which is merely the sound of the written text.

LITERATURE

1. Almirova, T.A. The functional interrelation of the written and sound language. - M .: Science, 1985. - 287 p.

2. Vygotsky L.S. Selected psychological studies. Thinking and speaking. Problems of psychological development of the child / Ed. A.N. Leontiev and A.R. Luria. - M .: Publishing house of the APS of RSFSR, 1956. - 519 p.

3. Zhinkin N.I. On code transitions in internal speech // Questions of linguistics, 1964, No. 6. - P. 26-38.

4. Zinder L.R. Sketch of the general theory of writing. - L .: Science, 1987. - 112 p.

5. Katsnelson S.D. General and typological linguistics. - L .: Science, Leningr. Sep., 1986. - 299 s.

6. Komlev N.G. A word in speech activity: denotative aspects. - M .: MGU Publishing House, 1992. - 216 p.

7. Rubinstein S.L. Basics of general psychology. - SPb: Peter Kom, 1999. - 720 p.

8. Sokolov A.N. Inner speech and thinking. - M .: Enlightenment, 1968. - 248 p.

9. Ceplitis L.K., Katlape N.Ya. Theory of public speech. - Riga: Publishing house "Zinatne", 1971. - 120 p.

10. Scherba L.V. Selected works on the Russian language. - M .: State. uch. - ped. Publishing house of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, 1957. - 188 p.