2. The main forms of external oral speech

Dialogue (dialogue) - the primary form of speech. Having a pronounced social orientation, it serves the needs of direct live communication (148). Dialogue as a form of speech consists of remarks (separate statements), a chain of consecutive speech reactions; it is carried out either in the form of alternating calls, questions and answers, or in the form of a conversation (conversation) of two or several participants in verbal communication. Dialogue as a form of verbal communication relies on a common perception of the world around by the interlocutors, a common situation, knowledge of the subject of speech. In the dialogue, along with the linguistic means of speech, a large role is played by non-verbal components - gesture, facial expressions, as well as means of intonational expressiveness. These features determine the nature of the speech statements in the dialogue. The structure of the dialogue allows for grammatical incompleteness, the omission of individual elements of grammatically expanded statements (ellipses or elision), the presence of a repetition of lexical elements in adjacent replicas, the use of stereotypical structures of conversational style (speech "stamps"). The simplest forms of dialogue (for example, remarks-statements such as an affirmative or negative answer, etc.) do not require the construction of a statement program (119, 148, etc.)

In linguistics, the unit of dialogue is considered to be thematically united chain of replicas characterized by semantic, structural and semantic completeness - the so-called “dialogic unity” (N.Yu. Shvedova, 1979; CE. Kryukov and L.Yu. Maksimov, 1987, etc.). Sufficient (“exhaustive”) disclosure of the topic (subject of speech), semantic completeness and structural unity, determined by the adequate use of linguistic and extra-linguistic means in a specific situation of verbal communication, act as the main criteria for connectedness of the developed dialogical speech.

Monologue re ch (monologue) is defined in the psychology of speech and psycholinguistics as a coherent speech of one person, the communicative purpose of which is to report on any facts, phenomena of reality (89, 95, etc.). Monologue is the most complex form of speech, which serves for the purposeful transfer of information. The main properties of monologue speech include: one-sided and continuous nature of the utterance, arbitrariness, wideness, logical sequence of the message, conditionality of its content orientation to the listener, limited use of non-verbal means of transmitting information (95, 133, etc.). The peculiarity of this form of speech is that its content, as a rule, is predetermined and planned in advance. Comparing monologue and dialogic forms of speech, A.A. Leontiev emphasizes such qualities of monologue speech as relative unfolding, greater arbitrariness and programmability. Usually “the speaker plans or programs not only each individual statement, but also the whole“ monologue “as a whole” (118, p. 9).

Being a special type of realization of speech activity, monologue speech is distinguished by the specifics of the performance of speech functions. It uses and generalizes such components of the language system as vocabulary, ways of expressing grammatical relations, form-building and word-forming, as well as various syntactic means. At the same time, it implements the idea of ​​a statement in a coherent, coherent, pre-planned presentation. The implementation of a coherent expanded statement implies the retention in memory of a program for the entire period of a speech message, the use of all types of control over the process of speech activity (current, subsequent, anticipatory) based on both auditory and visual perception. [130] Compared to dialogue, monologue speech is more contextual [131] and is presented in a more complete form, with careful selection of adequate lexical means and the use of various, including complex, syntactic structures. Consistency and consistency, completeness and coherence of presentation, compositional design are the most important qualities of monologue speech, arising from its contextual and continuous nature (89, 95, 148, etc.).

In the linguistic literature there are a number of varieties of oral monologue speech, or "functional-semantic" types (237, etc.). The main types in which monologue speech is performed are description, narration, and elementary reasoning (66, 113, etc.).

The communication of facts of reality in a relationship of simultaneity is called a description. It is a relatively detailed verbal description of an object or phenomenon, a display of their basic properties or qualities, given “in a static state”.

Reporting facts in a sequence of relationships is called narration. In the narration it is reported about any event which develops in time, contains “dynamics”. The developed monologic utterance has, as a rule, the following compositional structure: introduction, main part, conclusion (66, 77, etc.).

A special kind of statement that reflects the causal relationship of any facts (phenomena) is called reasoning. The structure of the monologue-reasoning includes: the initial thesis (information, the truth or falsity of which is required to be proved), the arguing part (arguments in favor or against the original thesis) and conclusions. The reasoning is thus composed of a chain of judgments that form inferences. Each type of monologue speech has its own features of construction in accordance with the nature of the communicative function of speech (66, 95). Since the language form of expression of expanded (monologue) statements are texts, the latter are also differentiated into narrative, descriptive, text-theorems (conclusions in the form of scientific judgments), as well as texts of a mixed type.

Along with the existing differences, a certain commonality and interrelation of dialogic and monologue forms of speech is noted. First of all, they are united by a common language system. Monologue speech arising from the child on the basis of the dialogical speech is subsequently organically included in the conversation and conversation. Such statements may consist of several sentences and contain different information (short message, addition, elementary reasoning). Oral monologue speech within certain limits may allow the incompleteness of the utterance, and then its grammatical construction may approach the grammatical structure of the dialogue (95, 148, etc.).

Regardless of the form (monologue, dialogue), the main condition for the communicativeness of speech is, as already mentioned above, its coherence. To master this most important aspect of speech, children need to develop special skills for making coherent sentences (15, 88, 113, etc.).

The essential characteristics of any kind of expanded statements (primarily descriptions and narrations) include connectivity, consistency, and logical-semantic organization of statements in full accordance with its theme and communicative task (56, 95).

In the literature, the following criteria for the connectivity of an oral message are distinguished: semantic connections between parts of a story (text), logical and grammatical connections between sentences, a link between parts (members) of a sentence, and completeness of the speaker’s thought.

Another important characteristic of the expanded statement is the sequence of presentation. Violation of the sequence always negatively affects the coherence of the text. The most common type of presentation sequence is a sequence of complex coordinated relations: temporal, spatial, causal, qualitative (NP Erastov, TA Ladyzhenskaya [71, 112], etc.).

Compliance with the coherence and sequence of a monologue-message is largely determined by its logical-semantic organization. The logical-semantic organization of speech at the text level is a complex unity; it includes subject-specific and logical organization (81, 95, etc.). An adequate reflection of the objects of reality, their connections and relations is revealed in the subject-semantic organization of the utterance; a reflection of the course of the presentation of the thought itself manifests itself in its logical organization. Mastering the skills of the logical-semantic organization of the statement contributes to a clear, planned presentation of the thought, that is, to an arbitrary and conscious implementation of speech activity. When carrying out speech activity, a person follows the "internal logic" of the disclosure of the entire structure of subject relations. An elementary manifestation of a semantic connection is an inter-conceptual connection reflecting the relationship between two concepts. The main type of inter-conceptual relationship is a predicative semantic relationship, which “is formed earlier in ontogenetic development” (92, p. 55).

Polylogical speech (polylogue), or group speech, is a very peculiar form of speech activity, combining the components of dialogical and monologue speech. Polylog (“polyphony”) implements the collective form of mass communication; It is actively used during various social and cultural events. A striking example of the polylogue is the various TV shows, which have literally flooded the television screen in all countries of the world recently.

In its form, the polylogue is a developed and complicated dialogue, verbal communication, which participants are not two or three, but many people at once. In terms of content (in particular, the nature of the display of the subject of speech) and the communicative orientation, the polylogue is more in line with the monologue, but it differs in principle from the latter in that the tasks of speech communication here are “solved collectively” with the joint participation of a whole group of people "Microsociety"). The structure of the polylogue includes both dialogues of two or several interlocutors, as well as individual monologic statements of some participants of the polylogue. [132] A distinctive feature of polylogical (group) communication is the presence of "leading", whose function is to organize joint speech activity of a whole team of people. He “selects” the subject of speech (topic for discussion), compiles (or participates in compiling) the “scenario” of polylogical communication, establishes the basic rules for its conduct, directs and organizes the general and verbal behavior of the participants of the polylogue, monitors compliance with the established “regulations”, and most importantly, it performs the main “connecting” social function, integrating, “cementing” speech (sometimes “different poly-polar”) actions of different people into a single process of speech communication. Thus, polylogue is a derivative form of dialogue, a specific form of realization of speech activity, which incorporates the “properties” of both dialogic and monologue speech.

In the theory of speech activity, polylog was not yet the subject of a special study, although some of its features were reflected in the general theory of speech communication (132, 214, etc.). It should be noted that polylog as an independent form of speech communication is not distinguished in all psychological and psycholinguistic concepts of speech communication. All of this significantly limits our ability to expand the characteristics of this variant of speech activity. At the same time, we consider it necessary to draw the attention of practitioners to the fact that students develop speech and non-speech (“behavioral reactions” and others) skills that enable them to participate in a polylogue (due to the active distribution in public activity of people of this option communication) is also one of the important tasks of "speech" work.