71 THEORY OF PLANNED FORMATION OF MENTAL ACTIONS

The theory of the systematic formation of mental actions developed by P. Ya. Halperin (1902-1988) and his followers. It contains general rules for the formation of knowledge and skills, as well as programs for their application in education.

According to P. Ya. Halperin, orientation is the most important component of the action, since a correctly oriented person is more likely to perform the action correctly the first time.

First of all, action was studied as an elementary unit of activity, in connection with which the notion of “indicative basis of action” (OOD) was highlighted.

OOD structure includes:

1) knowledge of the conditions for successful action;

2) knowledge of the structure, purpose, duration of action, etc.

Different OOD leads to different conditions for the formation of knowledge and skills.

1. Incomplete OOD - the student has an idea of ​​the action itself and the goal, but does not know what the conditions for its success are. The action is formed on the basis of trial and error, contains many unnecessary elements. This is typical for unorganized learning.

2. Partially complete OOD - the student has an idea of ​​the action, the goal and the correctness of its implementation. However, knowledge is purely practical, not included in the general system of knowledge of the subject.

3. Complete OOD - the student receives a complete picture of the action, understands its logic, is able to independently transfer it to other areas.

According to this theory, for the formation of a new knowledge or skill, the following conditions must be met:

1) the motivation of the subject increases;

2) knowledge is fixed correctly in external form (for example, in the form of visual aids);

3) explains the logic of knowledge, its place in the system of other knowledge;

4) memorization is achieved.

P. Ya. Halperin singled out 6 parameters of action, the first four are primary, and the last two are secondary, resulting from the combination of the first:

1) the level of performance of the action: material, speech, mental;

2) the measure of generalization;

3) the completeness of the operations actually performed;

4) measure of development;

5) rationality of action;

6) consciousness of action.

P. Ya. Halperin identified three groups of actions.

1. Actions that need to be learned.

2. Actions that are necessary in the learning process.

3. Modeling and coding.

Training, according to P. Ya. Halperin, consists of five stages:

1) the creation of an OOD;

2) materialized action;

3) pronouncing aloud;

4) speaking to himself;

5) automation of action.