37 PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SENSITIVES

The sense organs are specialized organic structures on the body and inside the body, intended for the perception of external information, its processing and storage. They contain:

1) receptors - placed on its surface. Designed for the perception of irritants of any nature and their reorganization into nerve impulses;

2) the nerve pathways - specialized nerve fibers, conducting acquired from a variety of excitation receptors in certain parts of the brain and back;

3) parts of the central nervous system (CNS) designed to process incoming information (arousal) for the purpose of feedback to the stimulus. Sensory organs are also called sensory organs, which are part of the general sensory system for perceiving incoming information.

According to IP Pavlov, the sensory system is part of the nervous system, consisting of the receptor apparatus that perceives internal or external stimuli, conducts nerve pathways and parts of the central nervous system, which transforms the information coming in from the receptors.

Conductive neural pathways can be divided into:

1) afferent - the passage of nervous excitement from receptors to a specific section of the brain;

2) efferent - the passage of a nerve impulse from the central nervous system to the periphery.

The commonality of afferent and efferent pathways, including receptors of a specific sensory organ and transforming information from the subcortical and cortical parts of the central nervous system, is called an analyzer.

There are five human senses that establish his connection with the surrounding reality. They are divided into contact (through direct contact with an irritant) and distant, which react to distant stimuli:

1) contact: taste and touch;

2) distant: sight, hearing and smell. The activity of each of the senses

is an elementary mental process - sensation. Sensory information from external stimuli enters the central nervous system in two ways:

1) characteristic sensory ways:

a) vision — through the retina, the lateral articular body, and the upper hillocks of the quadrilateral in the primary and secondary visual cortex;

b) hearing - through the nuclei of the cochlea and the quadrilaterals, the medial geniculate body into the primary auditory cortex;

c) taste - through the medulla and tala-mus to the somatosensory cortex;

d) the sense of smell - through the olfactory bulb and the pyriform cortex into the hypothalamus and the limbic system;

e) touch - passes through the spinal cord, brainstem and thalamus into the somatosensory cortex;

2) non-specific sensory pathways: pain and temperature sensations located in the nuclei of the thalamus and brain stem.