61 FRENCH SOCIOLOGICAL SCHOOL

The main representatives of the French sociological school: C. Saint-Simon, O. Comte, E. Durkheim. The central components of the teachings of C. Saint-Simon were:

1) the history of human society goes through three stages, which are answered by diverse ways of thinking: polytheism and slavery, theism and feudalism, positivism and industrialization;

2) using the methods of scientific positivism, one can discover the laws of social modification and social organization;

3) the unification of modern society and management should be in the hands of researchers and industrialists, since officials, lawyers and representatives of religious denominations in their origin are unproductive and parasitic;

4) the crisis of modern society can be resolved with the help of a new faith, formed on positivism and controlled by sociologists.

O. Comte is a philosopher who proposed the concept of "sociology." From the point of view of O. Comte, sociology, which plays the role of the apogee of the sciences, should be formed as an analysis implemented from the point of view of social dynamics and social statics. O. Comte studied the active role of social institutions in the settlement of public order.

E. Durkheim considered the study of social phenomena, not individuals, to be the sphere of sociology. He believed that society has its own realities that are not combined with the influences and motives of the subjects, and that individuals develop and are limited to the environment.

In 1895, his Method of Sociology was published. E. Durkheim introduced in this work that the law is a social phenomenon, personified in the formal encrypted rules, and that it does not depend in its life on specific individuals or any action to implement it.

He wrote that elementary religions personified the idea of ​​society, and sacred objects became such because they symbolized unity. Religious culture included collective values ​​that contained the integrity of society and its originality. Religious rituals advocated the consolidation of social values ​​and the maintenance of the unity of subjects.

E. Durkheim studied the universal functions of cult systems in connection with the integrity of society as such. He believed that the schemes of such fundamental categories of the human idea as number, time and space served as features of social organization. On policy issues, he was concerned about the danger to society, coming from people who did not feel that social norms were important to them. He believed that the attractiveness of socialism for the working class is associated with a protest against the disintegration of conservative social ties and values, and not with the desire to destroy personal property as such.