3 DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIQUE PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

The formation of ancient psychology took place in the XVI century. BC er - IV c. n er This is the time of the rise, rise and fall of the Greek-Roman civilization. The writings of Greek thinkers reflected the revolution in the scientific worldview, that is, the mythological nature of the world was refuted, and it was replaced by the scientific rationalistic view of the world around us — nature, human society. Nevertheless, the “soul” remains the basic concept reflecting mental phenomena, although attempts are made to rationalize this concept. Former faith and legends lost their importance, and the development of more rational areas of knowledge — mathematical, medical, astronomical, and geographical — was proceeding at a rapid pace. Strengthened critical mentality, as well as the desire for independent and logical justification of opinions. The first philosophical treatises appeared, the authors of which take this or that kind of matter as the basis of the world: the indefinite infinite substance “aleuron” (Anak-Simandr), water (Thales), air (Anaximenes), fire (Heraclitus).

The ideas of Heraclitus were based on the inseparable connection of the soul of any person with the cosmos, on the procedural nature of mental states combined with pre-mental states, on the subordination of all mental phenomena to the laws of the human material world. In connection with the loss of large commercial and industrial centers, Miletus and Efes political independently

The east of the ancient Greek world ceases to be the basis of philosophical creativity. New base - west. The teachings of Parmeni-da (at the end of the 6th century BC.), Of Empedocles (in 490–430 BC) emerge. In Agrigento, located on the island of Sicily, the philosophy of Pythagoras from the island of Samos is spreading. Athens in the 5th c. BC er were the center of the most intensive work of philosophical thought. Then the activity of the so-called teachers of wisdom, the Sophists, began. There were institutions that required eloquence, education, the art of refuting, convincing, that is, being able to effectively influence a person not by external coercion, but by psychological influence on their intellect and feelings. Socrates spoke against the sophists, who believed that in concepts and values ​​there should be a general and unshakable content. Major successes of that time in philosophy and science are associated with the activities of Democritus and Abder, who created atomistic theory. Two great thinkers, Plato and Aristotle, created works that for many centuries had a profound influence on the philosophical and psychological thought of mankind. Ancient Rome put forward such major thinkers as Lucretius (I in. BC) and Galen (II in. AD). Later, when slave uprisings and civil wars began in the Roman Empire, views hostile to materialism (Plato, Neo-Platonism) became widespread.