65 NEOPHRAIDISM or non-psychoanalysis (lit. - a new understanding of the soul)

Neo-Freudianism (N.), or neo-psychoanalysis (literally - “new understanding of the soul”), is viewed as a continuation of Z. Freud’s psychoanalysis, but this trend has significantly restructured the structure of analysis. Unlike Freudianism, which placed in the first place the biological prerequisites for the emergence of neurosis, N. focuses on sociocultural factors. The main role in human behavior is assigned to unconscious impulses. According to neo-Freudians, the human psyche is socially determined, therefore, the neurotic and normal state of a person depends on his environment. The emergence of N. refers to 1920–1930.

The main researchers N.: K. Horney, G. Sullivan, E. Fromm, V. Reich, E. Erickson.

Karen Horney (1885–1952) put forward the theory of “cultural-philosophical psychopathology”. According to this theory, the neurosis is explained by the anxiety that arises when the child interacts with the people around him. K. Horney considered innate instincts to be dominant, because in the process of life, a person develops and changes internally and externally. In her opinion, between normal development and pathological there is a definite line that determines whether a person can be cured or not. A person suffering from neurosis is detached from his “I” in favor of the seemingly ideal “I”, he believes that this ideal can provide him with social security. The unconscious feeling of anxiety (according to K. Horney is a fundamental anxiety) is based on the feeling of loneliness and helplessness. K. Horney identified two types of anxiety - psychological and physiological. Physiological anxiety is the fear of the newborn that parents may not pay the attention it needs. Psychological anxiety is the fear that the ideal and real images of your own “I” will not unite, only if they are combined, a person will be harmonious in all respects.

G. Sullivan (1892–1949) created the theory of “interpersonal psychiatry,” according to which relations with society, which lay the foundation for the development of personality, are in the first place for a person.

E. Fromm (1900–1980), the founder of “humanistic psychoanalysis”, put in the first place the attainment by a person of psychological freedom, on which society “encroaches”. A person who does not have the opportunity to acquire such freedom refuses true values, agreeing to imaginary (most often - the possession of something). The direction of E. Fromm was largely ahead of Freudianism and subsequently received a separate, independent development.

V. Reich (1897–1957) believed that behavior is determined by “orgon energy” (universal energy of love), when blocked, a person becomes aggressive and withdrawn. He, as well as Z. Freud, advocated a sexual explanation of behavior.