60 DEEP PSYCHOLOGY

Depth psychology is the common name for a large variety of concepts in psychiatry and psychology. At the heart of these concepts is the position of the leading role of irrational, unconscious, instinctive, affective-emotional, intuitive processes, as well as motivations, aspirations, motives in mental life, human activity and influencing the formation of his personal characteristics. Depth psychology is the direction of Western psychology. The most famous areas of depth psychology are: individual psychology

A. Adler, Freudianism, CG Jung's analytical concept, existential analysis of L. Binswanger, the “gormic” concept of B. McDougall, neo-fredism.

Z. Freud formulated the main concepts in depth psychology, such as fixation, regression, repression, etc. A. Adler defined the desire for self-affirmation as one of the main motives. Later on, the system developed by A. Adler became the source of “cultural and sociological” tendencies of deep psychology. On the other hand, C. G. Jung developed the concept of the functions and structure of the unconscious, including the collective unconscious. The ideas of depth psychology had a significant impact on various branches of psychology, as well as on medicine. It influenced the development of the branch of medicine, which considers the influence of psychological factors on somatic diseases. Pathological states of the psyche are not easily defined as diseases, but psychological difficulties are psychological conflicts that have taken on a pronounced open form. Denying the introspective view, which identified the psyche with its “manifestation”, openness to the consciousness of the subject, deep-seated psychology took a definite position that is incompatible with the scientific determinant approach.

The main, motivating reasons for human actions are studied as originally laid down in his psychological dynamic apparatus, which is unconscious in its essence. L. S. Vygotsky, proceeding from the Marxist theory, contrasted both with “superficial” psychology, which studies various phenomena of consciousness by an introspective method, i.e., by self-observation, and depth psychology, “top-level”, exploring the dependence of the system of psychological functions (including the will and affects) from historically variable forms of culture.

When assessing deep psychology as a complex and heterogeneous complex, it becomes necessary to distinguish the proposed methods of therapy, various established new facts from the section of the psychology of the unconscious from the existing philosophical and theoretical interpretations, which often have a mechanistic or irrationalistic character.