43 THEORETICAL STRUGGLE OF THE PERIOD OF FORMATION OF PSYCHOLOGY AS AN INDEPENDENT SCIENCE

The more safely the empirical activity was carried out in psychology, sharply increasing the field of phenomena mastered by psychology, the more obvious the inconsistency of its variations about consciousness as a vacuum world of personality, visible to him alone due to experimental introspection under the control of the experimenter, became. Considerable success of the new biology has resolutely changed positions on all the vital functions of the body, including the psychic ones.

The idea of ​​consciousness as a special closed world, a fenced off island of spirit, was destroyed. The field of comprehending objects inaccessible for introspective analysis (the behavior of animals, children, and the mentally ill) radically expanded. The collapse of the initial ideas about the subject and methods of psychology has become increasingly indisputable.

Main blocks:

1) mental image;

2) mental action;

2) mental attitude;

3) the motive;

4) personality.

Gestalt psychology. Evidence was given that mental images are unities that can be split into individual components only by artificial means. These unions were called by the German term “Gestalt” (from it. Geschtalt - “form, structure”) and under this name were included in the scientific dictionary of psychology. The direction, which gave the gestalt the meaning of the basic “unit” of consciousness, was affirmed under this name.

Behaviorism (from the English. Behavior - "behavior"). Mental action and his categorical status began to change greatly. In the old period, it belonged to the category of internal, spiritual aspirations of the individual. But the successes in using the objective method to the study of the connections between the organism and the environment argued that the sphere of the psyche also includes external bodily influence. In accordance with this, the course that chose this path began to form a behavioral concept.

The region of unconscious aspirations (motives), driving behavior and establishing the originality of a complex dynamics and structure, was recognized as conditioning for the psychic life! personality. The school of psychoanalysis was founded by Z. Freud.

French scientists have focused on the analysis of mental relationships between people. In the writings of a number of German psychologists, the main theme was the inclusion of the subject in the system of cultural values.

Thus, various schools have emerged, each of which has identified one of them into the focus of the whole system of categories - whether it is an image or an action, a motive or a personality. This gave each school a peculiar profile.

Appealing to one of the categories as the main component of the system’s history and giving the remaining categories the function of addicts — all this was one of the reasons for the breakdown of psychology into diverse, sometimes opposing schools.