Lecture
2.1. The concept of a system and its components.
Basic concepts of systems analysis (SA). The concept of an object, types
of objects depending on their nature and origin. The concept of a system. System and environment. The concept of an element, an element as a "black box". The concept
of a component and a subsystem. The concept of a connection between elements, types of connections
between elements.
2.2. Description of a system.
Forms of system description. Forms of verbal system description. Substrate analysis. Homogeneous, heterogeneous, and mixed composition of system
elements. Elements by purpose. The task of structural analysis.
Coordinating and subordinating nature of connections. Internal and external description of a system. Informational description of a system. Genetic and prognostic descriptions of a system.
2.3. Structure of a system.
The concept of an aggregate, form, topology, and structure. Main types
of structures. Examples of structures.
2.4. Functioning and development of a system.
Main concepts of the functioning and development of systems.
2.5. Types of systems.
Types of systems. Physical and abstract systems. The concept of a model, modeling. Open, closed, and isolated systems. Artificial, natural, and mixed systems. Systems with qualitative, quantitative, and qualitative-quantitative variables. "Black box" type systems, parameterized, non-parameterized,
"white box" type systems. Systems controlled from outside, from within, and with combined control. Classification of systems by the scope of the control
cycle covered and the degree of automation and intellectualization of the system. Active
and passive systems. Static and dynamic systems. Systems that are energetically,
materially, and informationally supplied. Systems in which goals are imposed from outside and systems that form their own goals. Well-organized, diffuse, and self-organizing systems. Characteristic features of large complex systems. Signs of robustness, heterogeneous connections, and emergence.
2.6. Regularities of systems.
Regularities of systems. Integrity. Integratedness. Communicativeness.
Hierarchy. Equifinality. Historicity.
1. Formulate the concepts of "object" and "system".
2. Define the main component of a system.
3. Show, using an example, ways of dividing a system into elements according to the goal of the study.
4. Formulate the concept of "connection", and list the main types of connections.
5. What is feedback, and what forms can it take?
6. Describe the forms of verbal system description.
7. Formulate the concepts of "aggregate" and "form". Explain them using examples.
8. Define the concept of "system structure".
9. Describe the main types of structures. Give examples.
10. Describe the concepts of "goal" and "indicator". How can the goal change depending on the stage of systems analysis?
11. Define the concept of "purpose of a system". Formulate the purpose for several different systems.
12. Define the concept of "function of a system". What concepts in systems analysis is function linked to? Give examples of object functions.
13. Describe the concepts of "process", "state", "situation", "problem".
14. Define the concepts of "behavior", "equilibrium", "stability".
15. Explain the content of the concepts "functioning" and "development of a system".
16. By what criteria can systems be systematized? Try to find new classification criteria.
17. For each classification criterion, give examples of systems.
Try to continue any of the branches of the classification.
18. Explain the behavior of open systems from the standpoint of the entropy approach.
19. What features distinguish complex systems from ordinary ones? Demonstrate the difference between simple and complex systems using examples.
20. What approaches exist to the concept of "system complexity"?
21. Describe the main regularities of systems.
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