Lecture
Production efficiency of radio-electronic devices is unthinkable without wide standardization and unification. Reducing the complexity of manufacturing the product depends on many factors, but one of the main is the level of standardization and unification. The use of standardized and unified designs also makes it possible to speed up and simplify the design process.
Standardization is based on the achievements of science, technology and the national economy and creates the prerequisites for the centralized production of the component parts of the product. Due to mass or large-scale production at specialized enterprises, the cost of production will be significantly lower than at non-specialized ones. The use of standard components in the design of the XPS solves the problem of interchangeability, greatly facilitates maintenance and repair.
Unification as standardization limits many types of products, their components and requirements, and leads to uniform standards. Unification is the initial step of standardization.
Unification can be carried out at all levels of the REC. The least difficult task is the unification, when the same element base is used in the RES for various purposes, and. on the contrary, the most complete unification is achieved when creating a single radio-electronic system for a number of applications and installation objects.
With the unification of the construction details, the applied landings, accuracy classes, surface roughness, threads, splines, keys, tooth modules, hole diameters, chamfers, radii, etc. are established.
The search for directions of unification is carried out on the basis of a comparison of the options for the effect obtained and the money spent. The achieved variants of unified designs should satisfy all the requirements of functionally and geometrically more complex devices.
The achieved level of unification and standardization is estimated by the coefficients of unification of assembly units, parts, product standardization, assembly units and parts.
The development of science and technology, the emergence of new forms of ownership, the expansion of economic and cultural ties, the intensification of social processes led to a sharp increase in the volume of information necessary for management activities. From manual processing of information contained in documents, which was used at the beginning of the 20th century, to mechanized, and then automated, this was the way to streamline the work with documents. However, you cannot automate the clutter; you must first streamline the documentation to be processed and used.
The main direction of improving the work with documents is unification and standardization. Unification refers to bringing something to a single system, form, uniformity (CEE, 1991).
The unification of documents is done in order to reduce the number of documents used in management activities, typing their forms, establishing uniform requirements for the paperwork created when solving management tasks of the same type, reducing labor, time and material costs for preparing and processing documents, achieving information compatibility of databases, created in various industries.
The management of any organization is characterized by a set of functions that it performs. There are a number of typical functions that are characteristic of any organization - organizational and administrative activities, planning, accounting and reporting, etc. There are specific (sectoral) functions that may not be present in an organization: for example, educational activity is not inherent in any organization.
Each management function is implemented through a complex (system) of documents characteristic only of this function. The set of documents that are interrelated by the signs of passage, purpose, type, field of activity, uniform requirements for registration, is called the documentation system (GOST R 51141 -98).
Documentation systems can be functional and industry. The sectoral documentation systems document the relevant activities and reflect their specificity. For example, the system of documents on education (general, secondary vocational, higher, postgraduate, etc.) will include documents describing the features of educational activities depending on the type of educational organization. The ratio of functional and sectoral document systems in the organization’s activities depends on the nature of the activity, the competence of the organization and other factors.
But always in any organization there is an organizational, executive and administrative activity, which is implemented through a system of organizational and administrative documentation (PSA).
Organizational and administrative documentation, which records the decisions of administrative and organizational issues, as well as issues of management, interaction and regulation of the activities of government bodies, institutions, enterprises, organizations, their divisions and officials, is closely associated with both industry-specific and functional systems.
The system of organizational and administrative documentation is a legal basis for other systems, so it was important and necessary to unify this system of documentation.
Document unification implies:
the establishment of the nomenclature of the unified forms of documents operating within the system;
development of a unified model (scheme) for constructing system documents using, as a rule, a sample form;
document structure development;
creating common syntax for building documents.
During the unification of documents, all the requirements for documents at all stages of their creation, filling, processing and storage, as well as the psycho-physiological capabilities of a person and the parameters of technical means were taken into account.
The results of the harmonization of documents are brought to the level of the mandatory legal form - a standard whose requirement is mandatory within its scope (countries, industries, individual organizations).
Standards are developed for products, works, services. In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On Standardization”, adopted on June 10, 1993, standardization is the activity of establishing norms, rules, and characteristics in order to ensure:
The standard is a regulatory and technical document that establishes a set of norms, rules, requirements for the object of standardization and is approved by the competent authority.
Standards can be of the following types:
In addition to standards for normative documents on standardization, there are rules, norms and recommendations on standardization, as well as all-Russian classifiers (QA) of technical, economic and social information that provide integrated automated processing of data contained in unified documents and documentation systems. At present, in our country 37 national classifiers have been developed.
State standards and all-Russian classifiers of technical, economic and social information are taken by the Gosstandart of Russia, and they are put into effect after their state registration. Control and supervision of compliance with the requirements of state standards is exercised by the State Standard Committee of the Russian Federation and other specially authorized government bodies within their competence.
Standards for unified documentation systems and the Unified System for Classification and Coding of Technical and Economic Information comprise the independent complex:
GOST 6.01.1-87. Unified system of classification and coding of technical and economic information;
GOST 6.10.3-83. Unified documentation systems. Record information of unified documents in a communicative format;
GOST 6.10.4-84. Unified documentation systems. Giving legal force to documents on computer-aided media and machine data generated by computer equipment. The main provisions;
GOST 6.10.5-87. Unified documentation systems. Form design requirements;
GOST 6.10.6-87. Unified system of foreign trade documentation. Sample form;
GOST 6.10.7-90. Unified system of foreign trade documentation. Score;
GOST R 6.30-97. Unified documentation systems. The system of organizational and administrative documentation. Requirements for the paperwork;
GOST 16487-83. Record keeping and archiving. Terms and definitions (VA Kudryaev, 1999).
The result of work on the unification and standardization of documents can be either standards for individual documents (for example, a report on research work) or for certain types of products (for example, the cover of cases of long shelf life) (GOST 17914-72) or for unified systems documentation.
The Unified Documentation System (DSS) is a documentation system created according to uniform rules and requirements, containing information necessary for managing a specific field of activity (GOST R 51141-98).
Currently developed and operational are the following DDDs:
unified system of organizational and administrative documentation;
unified banking documentation system;
a unified system of financial, accounting and reporting accounting documentation of budgetary institutions and organizations;
unified system of reporting and statistical documentation;
unified system of accounting and reporting accounting documentation of enterprises;
unified labor documentation system; unified documentation system of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation; unified system of foreign trade documentation.
A state standard has been developed for each unified documentation system. The developers of the DDD are the relevant ministries (departments) that coordinate in a particular area of activity. So, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation is responsible for accounting documentation, the Rosarchiv of the Russian Federation is responsible for organizational and administrative documents.
The same ministries and departments approve the unified forms of documents included in the DDD.
The unified form of the document (UVD) is a set of details established in accordance with the tasks solved in this field of activity and located in a certain order on the information carrier.
The document's requisite is a mandatory element of formalizing an official document, such as a signature, stamp, text, etc.
A set of details of an official written document, arranged in a certain sequence, is called a document form.
Each type of document (order, act, letter, etc.) is characterized by its own set of details. However, the unification of documents in each system was carried out by building a sample form of documents for a specific documentation system and establishing, on its basis, the optimal composition of details for a given documentation system, certain types of documents, a specific document, etc. The sample document form is a “construction model document that sets the scope, formats, field sizes, requirements for the construction of the structural grid and the basic details ".
Thus, in each unified system there is a sample form, on the basis of which uniform forms of documents are developed, uniform requirements for the registration of requisites of documents. The DDD should also develop standardized forms of documents used in this system.
The unified system of organizational and administrative documentation (USDD) is a documentation system used in any organization, institution, enterprise.
The use of UORD is regulated by GOST R 6.30-97 “Unified documentation systems. Unified system of organizational and administrative documentation. Requirements for the paperwork.
GOST applies to organizational and administrative documents provided for by USDD (hereinafter referred to as documents), - decrees, orders, orders, decisions, protocols, acts, letters that record decisions of administrative and organizational issues, as well as issues of management, interaction, support and regulation of activities :
federal bodies of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation, including the subjects of the Russian Federation that have, along with the Russian language as the state's national language, local government bodies;
enterprises, organizations and their associations, regardless of the legal form of the type of activity.
This standard establishes:
the composition of the details;
requirements for registration details;
requirements for forms and paperwork;
requirements for the manufacture, registration, use and storage of forms with the reproduction of the State Emblem of the Russian Federation, the emblems of the subjects of the Russian Federation (MV Kirsanova, 2001; LA Romaninina, 2002; N.M. Berezina, 2007).
Work on the unification and standardization are actively carried out abroad.
Standardization of documents for a long time is carried out by national organizations for the standardization of a number of countries, various international organizations, National standards for documents exist in Germany, Belgium, Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Bulgaria and other countries.
More than ten international organizations, including the Committee for the Development of Foreign Trade of the Economic Commission for Europe (EEC), the International Organization for Standardization (NSO) and others, take part in the work on the unification of documents, in particular foreign trade. The role and importance of the unification and standardization of documents has increased in connection with the application in the management of computer technology.
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In the preparation and execution of documents using the following details:
01 - State Emblem of the Russian Federation;
02 - coat of arms of the Russian Federation;
03 - organization emblem or trademark (service mark);
04 - organization code;
05 - the main state registration number (OGRN) of the legal entity;
06 - taxpayer identification number / registration reason code (TIN / KPP);
07 - document form code;
08 - name of the organization;
09 - reference data about the organization;
10 - name of the type of document;
11 - document date;
12 - registration number of the document;
13 - reference to the registration number and date of the document;
14 - the place of preparation or publication of the document;
15 - the addressee;
16 - the stamp of approval of the document;
17 - resolution;
18 - heading to the text;
19 - control mark;
20 - the text of the document;
21 - mark about the presence of the application;
22 - signature;
23 - document approval stamp;
24 - visa approval of the document;
25 - stamp imprint;
26 - certification mark;
27 - the mark of the performer;
28 - mark on the execution of the document and its direction in the case;
29 - a mark on receipt of the document in the organization;
30 - the identifier of the electronic copy of the document.
The State Emblem of the Russian Federation is placed on the forms of documents in accordance with the Federal Constitutional Law "On the State Emblem of the Russian Federation" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2000, N 52, part I, art. 5021).
The coat of arms of the subject of the Russian Federation is placed on the forms of documents in accordance with the legal acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation.
The emblem of the organization or the trademark (service mark) is placed on the letterhead of the organizations in accordance with the articles of association (organization regulations).
The organization code is stamped according to the All-Russian Classifier of Enterprises and Organizations (OKPO).
The main state registration number (OGRN) of the legal entity is affixed in accordance with the documents issued by the tax authorities.
Taxpayer identification number / registration reason code (TIN / KPP) shall be affixed in accordance with the documents issued by the tax authorities.
The code of the form of the document is affixed according to the All-Russian Classifier of Management Documentation (OKUD).
The name of the organization that is the author of the document must correspond to the name enshrined in its constituent documents.
Над наименованием организации указывают сокращенное, а при его отсутствии - полное наименование вышестоящей организации (при ее наличии).
Наименования организаций субъектов Российской Федерации, имеющих наряду с государственным языком Российской Федерации (русским) государственный язык субъектов Российской Федерации, печатают на двух языках.
The name of the organization in the state language of the subject of the Russian Federation or in another language is located below or to the right of the name in the state language of the Russian Federation.
The abbreviated name of the organization is given in cases where it is enshrined in the constituent documents of the organization. The abbreviated name (in brackets) is placed below the full name or after it.
The name of the branch, territorial department, representative office is indicated in the event that it is the author of the document, and is located below the name of the organization.
Reference data about the organization include: postal address; phone number and other information at the discretion of the organization (fax numbers, telex numbers, bank accounts, e-mail address, etc.).
The name of the type of document drawn up or published by the organization must be determined by the charter (regulation on the organization) and must correspond to the types of documents provided for by OKUD (class 0200000).
The date of the document is the date of its signing or approval, for the minutes - the date of the meeting (decision-making), for the act - the date of the event. Documents issued by two or more organizations must have one (single) date.
The date of the document is drawn up in Arabic numerals in the sequence: day of month, month, year. The day of the month and the month are drawn up with two pairs of Arabic numerals separated by a dot; year - in four Arabic numerals.
Allowed is a verbal and numeric way of formatting the date, for example June 05, 2003, as well as formatting the date in the sequence: year, month, day of the month, for example: 2003.06.05.
The registration number of the document consists of its serial number, which can be supplemented at the discretion of the organization with the index of the case according to the nomenclature of cases, information about the correspondent, executors, etc.
The registration number of a document drawn up jointly by two or more organizations consists of the registration numbers of the document of each of these organizations, put down through a slash in the order of the authors in the document.
The reference to the registration number and date of the document includes the registration number and the date of the document to be answered.
The place of compilation or publication of the document is indicated if it is difficult to determine it by the details "Name of the organization" and "Reference data about the organization". The place of compilation or publication is indicated taking into account the accepted administrative-territorial division, it includes only generally accepted abbreviations.
The addressee can be organizations, their structural divisions, officials or individuals. When addressing a document to an official, the initials are indicated before the surname. The name of the organization and its structural unit is indicated in the nominative case. The position of the person to whom the document is addressed is indicated in the dative case.
If the document is sent to several homogeneous organizations or to several structural divisions of one organization, then they should be indicated in general.
The document should not contain more than four addressees. The word "Copy" before the second, third, fourth addressees is not indicated. If the number of recipients is larger, a document distribution list is made.
The "Addressee" variable may include a postal address. The elements of the postal address are indicated in the sequence established by the rules for the provision of postal services.
When addressing a letter to an organization, indicate its name, then the postal address.
When addressing a document to an individual, indicate the name and initials of the recipient, then the postal address.
The document is approved by an official (officials) or a specially issued document. When a document is approved by an official, the document approval stamp must consist of the word APPROVED (without quotation marks), the name of the position of the person approving the document, his signature, initials, surname and date of approval.
It is allowed to center elements relative to the longest line in the "Document approval signature" attribute.
When a document is approved by several officials, their signatures are placed at the same level.
When a document is approved by a resolution, decision, order, protocol, the approval stamp consists of the word APPROVED (APPROVED, APPROVED or APPROVED), the name of the approving document in the instrumental case, its date, number.
The document approval stamp is located in the upper right corner of the document.
The resolution, written on the document by the relevant official, includes the names, initials of the executors, the content of the order (if necessary), the deadline, signature and date.
It is allowed to issue a resolution on a separate sheet.
The heading to the text includes a summary of the document. The title must be consistent with the name of the type of document.
The title can answer questions:
about what (about whom) ?, for example:
Order on the establishment of an attestation commission;
what (whom) ?, for example:
Job description of a leading expert.
To the text of documents drawn up on A5 forms,
the title may not be specified.
The mark on the control over the execution of the document is indicated by the letter "K", the word or stamp "Control".
The text of the document is drawn up in the state language of the Russian Federation or in the state languages of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
The texts of documents are drawn up in the form of a questionnaire, a table, a coherent text or as a combination of these structures.
When compiling a text in the form of a questionnaire, the names of the characteristics of the characterized object must be expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a phrase with a second person verb in the plural of the present or past tense ("have", "own" or "were", "were", etc. .). The characteristics expressed verbally must be consistent with the names of the signs.
The columns and rows of the table must have headings expressed as a noun in the nominative case. Column and row subheadings should be consistent with the headings. If the table is printed on more than one page, the columns of the table should be numbered and only the numbers of these columns should be printed on the following pages.
The connected text usually consists of two parts. In the first part, indicate the reasons, grounds, purposes of drawing up the document, in the second (final) - decisions, conclusions, requests, proposals, recommendations. The text may contain one final part (for example, orders - an administrative part without a statement; letters, statements - a request without explanation).
In the text of a document prepared on the basis of documents of other organizations or previously published documents, their details are indicated: the name of the document, the name of the organization - the author of the document, the date of the document, the registration number of the document, the title to the text.
If the text contains several decisions, conclusions, etc., then it can be divided into sections, subsections, paragraphs, which are numbered in Arabic numerals.
In the documents (order, order, etc.) of organizations operating on the principles of one-man management, as well as documents addressed to the management of the organization, the text is presented in the first person singular ("I order", "I offer", "I ask").
In the documents of collegial bodies, the text is presented in the third person singular ("decides", "decided").
In joint documents, the text is stated in the first person plural ("we order", "decided").
The text of the protocol is presented in the third person plural ("listened", "spoke", "decided", "decided").
In documents establishing the rights and obligations of organizations, their structural divisions (regulations, instructions), as well as containing a description, assessment of facts or conclusions (act, certificate), use the form of presentation of the text from a third person, singular or plural ("department performs functions" , "the association includes", "the commission has established").
The following forms of presentation are used in letters:
- in the first person plural ("please send", "send for consideration");
- in the first person singular ("I consider it necessary", "please highlight");
- from the third person singular ("the ministry does not object", "VNIIDAD considers it possible").
A note about the presence of an attachment named in the text of the letter is made as follows:
If the letter has an attachment not named in the text, then indicate its name, number of sheets and number of copies; if there are several applications, they are numbered.
If the attachments are bound, then the number of sheets is not indicated.
If another document is attached to the document, also having an attachment, the mark of the presence of an attachment is made as follows:
If the application is not sent to all the addresses indicated in the document, then a mark about its presence is drawn up as follows:
In the appendix to the administrative document (decrees, orders, orders, rules, instructions, regulations, decisions) on the first sheet of it in the upper right corner they write "Appendix No." indicating the name of the administrative document, its date and registration number.
The "Signature" requisite includes: the name of the position of the person who signed the document (full, if the document is not drawn up on a document form, and abbreviated - on a document drawn up on a form); personal signature; decoding of the signature (initials, surname).
When drawing up a document on the official's letterhead, the position of this person is not indicated in the signature.
When a document is signed by several officials, their signatures are placed one below the other in the sequence corresponding to the position held.
When signing a joint document, the first sheet is not drawn up on a form.
The documents drawn up by the commission indicate not the positions of the persons signing the document, but their duties as part of the commission in accordance with the distribution.
The signature stamp of the document consists of the word AGREED, the position of the person with whom the document is agreed (including the name of the organization), personal signature, decoding
signatures (initials, surnames) and dates of approval.
Document approval is issued with a document approval visa (hereinafter referred to as a visa), which includes the signature and position of the person approving the document, a decoding of the signature (initials, surname) and the date of signing. Comments are stated on a separate sheet, signed and attached to the document.
For a document, the original of which remains in the organization, visas are affixed to the bottom of the back of the last sheet of the original document.
For a document, the original of which is sent from the organization, visas are affixed at the bottom of the front side of the copy of the document being sent.
It is possible to issue a visa document on a separate approval sheet.
Allowed, at the discretion of the organization, sheet-by-sheet approval of the document and its annex.
The seal imprint certifies the authenticity of the signature of the official on documents certifying the rights of persons fixing facts related to financial resources, as well as on other documents providing for the certification of a genuine signature.
The documents are certified with the seal of the organization.
When certifying the correspondence of a copy of a document to the original, below the requisite "Signature", a certification inscription is affixed: "True"; the position of the person who certified the copy; personal signature; decoding of the signature (initials, surname); date of certification.
It is allowed to certify a copy of the document with a seal determined at the discretion of the organization.
The performer's mark includes the initials and surname of the performer of the document and his phone number. The artist's mark is placed on the front or back side of the last sheet of the document in the lower left corner.
The note on the execution of the document and its direction in the case includes the following data: a link to the date and number of the document, indicating its execution, or, in the absence of such a document, brief information about the execution; the words "in business"; case number in which the document will be stored.
A note on the execution of the document and its direction in the case is signed and dated by the executor of the document or the head of the structural unit in which the document was executed.
The mark on the receipt of the document in the organization contains the next serial number and the date of receipt of the document (if necessary, hours and minutes).
It is allowed to mark the receipt of a document in the organization in the form of a stamp.
The identifier of an electronic copy of a document is a mark (footer) affixed in the lower left corner of each page of the document and containing the name of the file on a machine medium, the date and other search data set in the organization.
Documents are made on forms.
Two standard formats of document forms are installed - A4 (210x297 mm) and A5 (148x210 mm).
Each sheet of a document, drawn up both on a letterhead and without it, must have fields of at least:
20 mm - left;
10 mm - right;
20 mm - top;
20 mm - bottom.
Blank documents should be printed on white or light-colored paper.
Forms of documents are drawn up in accordance with Appendix A. The approximate boundaries of the zones for the location of requisites are indicated by a dotted line. Each zone is determined by a set of attributes included in it.
Depending on the location of the details, two versions of the forms are installed - angular (Figure A.1) and longitudinal (Figure A.2).
Attribute 01 (02 or 03) is located above the middle of variable 08. Attribute 03 is allowed to be located at the level of variable 08.
Details 08, 09, 10, 14, restrictive marks for details 11, 12, 13 within the boundaries of the zones where the details are located are placed in one of the following ways:
- centered (the beginning and end of each row of attributes are equally distant from the boundaries of the zone where the attributes are located);
- flag (each line of details starts from the left border of the zone where the details are located).
For an organization, its structural unit, an official, the following types of document forms are established:
- general form;
- letterhead;
- the form of a specific type of document.
The general form is used for the manufacture of all types of documents, except for letters.
The general form, depending on the constituent documents of the organization, includes details 01 (02 or 03), 08, 11, 14.
The letterform, depending on the constituent documents of the organization, includes details 01 (02 or 03), 04, 05, 06, 08, 09 and, if necessary, restrictive marks for the upper boundaries of the zones where details 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 are located , 17, 18, 19, 20.
The form of a specific type of document, in addition to the letter, depending on the constituent documents of the organization, includes details 01 (02 or 03), 08, 10, 14 and, if necessary, restrictive marks for the boundaries of the zones where details 11, 12, 13, 18 are located, 19.
For organizations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which, along with the state language of the Russian Federation, the state language of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, it is advisable to use a longitudinal form; at the same time, details 08, 09, 14 are printed in two languages: Russian (left) and national (right) at the same level.
When making a document
On two or more pages, the second and subsequent pages are numbered.
Page numbers are placed in the middle of the top margin of the sheet.
The virtues of standardization
At the stage of implementation of the standardization system:
formalization of activities, ensuring a unified understanding of the requirements by employees;
coordination of the interaction of structural divisions of the organization;
identification and elimination of areas of irresponsibility, intersection of responsibility;
formation of prerequisites for delegation of authority and improvement of management efficiency;
search and implementation of changes that increase the efficiency of processes.
At the stage of operation of the regulatory system:
business transparency (for owners and investors);
transparency, predictability of the technological process
improving management efficiency (due to the possibility of objective control of the requirements for the activities of employees);
reducing the risks associated with the departure of managers and specialists;
improving the efficiency of recruiting and training processes;
creating opportunities for auditing the technological process and launching a continuous improvement system (PDCA cycle);
creation of prerequisites for the subsequent effective automation of technological processes;
providing opportunities for business development (replicating experience - opening branches in the regions, etc.).
Disadvantages of standardization:
Any of these shortcomings is in fact a risk of ineffective implementation of the standardization system.
The costs of standardization can be significant. But they are much higher than the losses due to poor interaction and the lack of a clear order of execution of key processes.
Creativity and initiative are not always needed and not everywhere. Many processes only need to be carried out to an established standard. Any insufficiently grounded, thoughtful initiative can result in losses (or more serious problems). Yes, the work will be done, but its effectiveness will be low. Check out how many suggestions for improvement were received over the past year from department heads and specialists, and how many of them were approved and implemented. Then it will be possible to assess the real degree of creativity and initiative of the staff.
“Standardization will lead to the formalization of relations between process participants. The existing informal, well-established relationships in the team will begin to collapse. There will be mutual accusations and grievances. As a result, it will have a negative impact on work, "- this is the kind of argument usually made when talking about the destruction of the team. If there is a team, then it plays according to certain rules. In the absence of regulation, the rules of the game are not formalized and can be interpreted in different ways. There is no guarantee that they meet the goals of the owners and top managers of the organization. Competent regulation can increase the efficiency of teamwork due to the fact that the rules become unambiguous, accessible and understandable to all its participants.
It is often argued that company employees will spend some of their time writing standards, which will reduce productivity. In addition, in the course of activity, you will have to periodically refer to the regulations, checking the compliance of the work performed with the established requirements. Yes, creating, updating and monitoring the implementation of standards does take a certain amount of time. Only not ordinary employees, but managers. But for them, standardization work is one of the most important components of management activities. They get paid for it. The manager is obliged to organize his working day so that there is enough time to improve the processes performed and the relevant standards. To a large extent, the lack of time is associated with the disorder of the controlled activities, when the rules of the game are not defined (for example, powers are not delegated), and employees constantly distract the manager by addressing minor problems.
Advantages and advantages of unification
The simplicity of the system. a structure consisting of standard elements is easier to design, make its calculation and erect in accordance with the accepted standards regulated in regulatory sources;
Production and development speed. Due to the simple design, the production speed of the product is increased;
Saving. The cost of creating a product from standard elements is much less than from individual and small-scale components, since standard elements are cheaper. In addition to savings during production, typical products are simpler, which means
cheaper to operate and maintain, while increasing maintainability
The above factors can be combined into one big advantage - functionality. Thanks to the unified production, the industrial park is growing. But the presence of the overwhelming majority of typical buildings and structures has one big problem - the aesthetic crisis.
Disadvantages of unification:
Monotony. products consisting of standard elements are similar in most cases. Typical Soviet cars or buildings are a prime example .;
Negative impact on the human psyche. Neuroscientists and psychologists have confirmed that appearance has a great influence on people's emotions. Complex and interesting forms and functionality increase a positive attitude, but monotonous ones, on the contrary, have a very negative effect on the psyche. The visual complexity of the environment has a calming effect on the human psyche. A number of studies also show that growing up surrounded by the same type of device doubles the risk of developing schizophrenia and other mental disorders, such as depression or chronic anxiety.
Thus, the unification of documents is to establish the uniformity of the composition and forms of management documents, fixing the implementation of the same type of management functions. Standardization of documents is a form of legal consolidation of the performed unification and the level of its binding nature. The following categories of standards were established: state standards (GOST), industry standards (OST), republican standards (PCT). The unification of documents is carried out in order to reduce the number of applicable documents, typing their forms, improving quality, reducing the complexity of their processing, achieving information compatibility of various documentation systems on the same and related management functions, more efficient use of computing equipment.
Unification work includes:
- development of a unified documentation system (DDD), which is carried out by ministries and departments responsible for the relevant documentation systems;
- the introduction of inter-sectoral (inter-agency) USD in the framework of the republican and sectoral USD;
- maintenance of the DCA and the Sectoral Classifier of Technical and Economic Documentation (OCTAI) in order to maintain the accuracy of the information and its further development;
- development of sets of sectoral unified forms of documents reflecting the specifics of the industry and not included in the DDD, as well as their state registration;
- the development of industry classifiers of technical and economic information reflecting the specifics of the industry.
The organizational and methodological management of the unification and standardization of documents, the coordination of relevant work and control is carried out by the parent organization coordinating the implementation and administration of the DDD and OTECI in the republic. At the sectoral level, this work is carried out by the parent organization for the implementation and maintenance of the DDD and OTEC in the industry.
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Design and engineering of electronic equipment
Terms: Design and engineering of electronic equipment