11. Types of linguistic meanings and their translation.

Language is a sign system in which communication is carried out by verbal means. Any sign is in complex and diverse relationships with other signs of the same sign system. Such relationships are called linguistic. Semiotics is a science that studies sign systems.
So, any linguistic sign is in a certain relationship with: a) the referent designated by him; b) people using this sign, and c) other characters that are part of the same language system.
When verbal communication word has the following meanings:
Denotative, which relates this language unit to objects, processes, phenomena of reality.
Conservative, which defines the associations of a given word for all speakers of a given language with some of the properties of a given word or concept, which are transferred to other objects or phenomena of reality. This value is secondary or complementary to the denotative one, but in translation the conatat takes the leading position depending on the context.
a fox - fox
/
cunning
Intra-linguistic, due to which the categories of gender, numbers, and other morphological indicators come to the fore.
What a nice dog! I like him / her very much
Pragmatic, due to which a certain effect on the recipient of information is achieved.
The Premier was kicked from his office yesterday. (Familiar style is not allowed in Russian newspapers)
Yesterday, the Prime Minister resigned (compensation).

As a rule, linguistic meanings are not preserved at all in the process of translation, and the inner linguistic meanings inherent in the units of the source language disappear and are replaced by the inner linguistic meanings inherent in the units of the target language.
Linguistic meanings include relations of sound similarity between words, similarities of morphemic structure, relations of semantic similarity or dissimilarity, etc. The problems of transferring linguistic meanings include problems of transferring rhyme and alliteration, word games.
The transmission of linguistic meanings plays a particularly important role in the translation of such texts, where formal features prevail.

Meaning is an integral part of a word by means of which a concept is transmitted in such a way, endowing the word with the ability to designate objects of reality, qualities, actions and abstract concepts. The relationship between the referent (object, etc. denoted by the word), the concept and the word are presented in the form of a triangle:


Thought or Reference




Symbol referent

A symbol is a word; thought or denotation is a concept. The dashed line indicates that there is no direct connection between the word and the referent: it is established only through the concept.
The mechanism by which concepts are transformed into words and the reverse process, when a word heard or written is transformed into a mental picture is not yet understood or described.
The branch of linguistics that studies meaning is called semantics.

The modern approach to semantics is based on the fact that the internal form of a word (for example, its meaning) represents a structure called the semantic structure of a word.
Another semantic phenomenon is polysemy. The semantic structure of the word.
The semantic structure of the word does not represent indivisible unity and does not represent one concept. Most words have several concepts and, accordingly, have several meanings. A word that has several meanings is called a multi-valued one and the ability of words to have more than one meaning is called a polysemy.