4. Lexical correspondence when translating

With the development of writing, learning foreign speech and translation translation practice, it became necessary to establish interlanguage lexical correspondences (MLS), which led to the creation of the first bilingual dictionaries and dictionaries.
For the first time Prof. Retsker spoke about lexical correspondences, who in 1974 published a book where he outlined the theory of natural correspondences. He highlights:
- equivalents are unambiguous cross-language correspondences, which are represented by the terms fe: birch-birch, elm-elm & # 61565;
Equivalents are divided into:
Full - are very rare, mostly these are terms. They cover the entire meaning of the whole word, and not one of its meanings. Fe: castrian- cast iron
Partial - cover one value. Fe: school - school, students of the same school, school in education and science. The schools are medieval universities.
Absolute - English words, semantically, stylistically and emotionally identical to the words in the target language. These are stylistically neutral words.
Relative - when words in the language of translation of the original are identical, but do not coincide in emotional coloring. Fe: bucks-dollar.
- variant correspondences - are established m / u words in the case when in the language of translation there are several words for the transfer of the same meaning of the original word (correspondences-synonyms in the language of translation). These are language concepts that are recorded in the dictionary.
scolarship (1. scholarship 2. erudition, knowledge) - 2 equivalent contains 2 variants of correspondences.
- contextual correspondences are semantic correspondences that arise in the process of using words in speech, depending on the environment, and are realized under the influence of a narrow, wide and extralinguistic context.
By narrow context is meant the context of a phrase or sentence, i.e. the language units constituting the environment of the unit within the sentence. fe:
attitude: posture, posture, attitude, position
1. I don’t like your attitude to your work.
2. In the attitudes of two sides.
3. He stood there in a threatening attitude.
4. He is known for his reactionary attitude.
The broad context refers to the linguistic environment of a given unit, which goes beyond the scope of the sentence; this is a textual context, i.e. set of linguistic units in related sentences. The broad context may go beyond the group of sentences, paragraph, chapter, or even the entire work (for example, a story or a novel) as a whole.
Then i got it in my chair
A situational (extralinguistic) context is a context in which correspondence is determined not on the basis of the linguistic environment, but on the basis of the background knowledge of the translator (erudition, outlook, professional skills); includes the setting, time and place to which the statement relates, as well as any facts of reality, knowledge of which helps the Receptor (and the translator) to correctly interpret the meanings of language units in the statement.
Background information is socio-cultural information, characteristic only of a certain nation or nationality, mastered by a mass of their representatives and reflected in the language of a given national community.