12. Features of the word order in the source language and the target language.

It is known that in the statement two structures are distinguished - syntactic and communicative.
Syntactic page form the main and secondary members of the sentence.
The communicative page is the creator William Matezius, who in the 1930s created the theory of actual division of the sentence. It is formed by the topic and the mode, where the topic is a semantic segment expressing the “old” information and having a minimum communicative load; and Rema is a semantic segment with a maximum communicative load, expressing the information for which the statement is made.
Example: An old man entered the room &.
The words “in the room” are the topic, the words “the elderly person” are rem, and the verb “entered” serves as a section between the topic and the rem.
In the scientific literature, a clear boundary between the topic and the mode is not established. The statement is considered as a gamut of shades in the degree of communicative load: from the minimum in the subject to the maximum in the mode.
The word order in English, as well as in Russian, reflects the main tendency of the communicative structure of a sentence - to place new important information (bump) at the end of a sentence. In English, the development of this tendency is hindered by the fixed syntactic word order. However, where possible, the word, which is the center of communication (rem), is put at the end of the sentence, i.e. there is a free communicative word order.
Compare:
Show me the book. Show me the book.
Show the book to me first. Show me the book first.

In English, the word order is free, and the communicative word order is solid. The distribution of information goes from topic to mode and you need to look for information at the end.
In English, syntactic word order is solid, and communicative is free T - P, we look for information at the beginning of P - T
Frequently observed discrepancies in word order present significant difficulties in translating from one language to another. The syntactic word order in Russian is free, unlike English, where historically there is a relatively fixed word order in a sentence: in a two-part declarative sentence, the subject (or group of subject) precedes the predicate - the direct order.

The teacher is reading. The teacher is reading.

However, in the English language there are cases of reverse word order, when the subject and predicate change places. This phenomenon is called inversion. Inversion can be complete and partial.
Full inversion is observed:
1) in interrogative sentences where the predicate is expressed by the verb to be, for example:
Is the chief in the office? Chef in his office?
Are you student? Are you a student?
2) in the language of the literary style, when the author wants to emphatically highlight one or another member of the sentence, for example:
From the downstairs
From below came the sound of a radio playing a song he had never heard before.
Partial inversion, in which only part of the predicate, namely the auxiliary, copulative, modal verb, is placed before the subject, is observed:

1) in interrogative sentences:
Do you know the man? Do you know this person?
Are you happy? Are you happy?
Can you see anyone over there? Do you see anyone there?

2) in complex sentences with unrealistic condition:
He has come.
Come he, we would not know what to talk with him.

Such sentences are rarely found in modern English and are characteristic only for the book style;

3) in simple sentences when putting to the beginning of a sentence, for the purpose of emphazy, separate words:
Never did he come in time! He never came on time!
Only then did he remember the girl's name. Only then did he remember the name of this girl.

Thus, we can conclude that in Russian the communicative word order is fixed, and the syntactic word order is free. While in English, the opposite situation is observed: The communicative word order is free, and the syntactic word order is fixed. This is due to the analyticism of the English language and the synthetic nature of the Russian language.