8. Transcription and transliteration

During transcription, the sound form of the foreign language word is reproduced, and during transliteration its graphic form (letter composition). There used to be a transliteration (Newton - Newton). Now the leading method in modern translation practice is transcription with preservation of some elements of transliteration.
For each pair of languages, rules are developed for transmitting the sound composition of the word IL, indicating cases of preservation of transliteration elements and traditional exceptions to the rules adopted at present. Traditional exceptions relate mainly to consecrated custom translations of names of historical personalities and certain geographical names , William III - William III, Edinborough-Edinburgh).
units translatable through translation transcription:
proper names, names of peoples and tribes, place names, names of business institutions, companies, companies, periodicals, names-names of hockey and other sports teams, sustainable rock musicians, cultural objects, etc.
Bank of London - Bank of London
Minnesota - Minnesota
Wall Street Journal - The Wall Street Journal
Detroit Red Wings - Detroit Red Wings
The Beatles - The Beatles
the Capitol - Capitol
Metropolitan - Underground, etc.
In its pure form, transliteration is relatively rare and, as a rule, is associated with long-established naming forms:
Illinois - Illinois (and not Illina)
Michigan - Michigan (and not Mishigan).
With respect to a number of objects, traditional forms of translation were established, which either coincide with the original naming in part
Moscow - Moscow
the hague
St. Petersburg - St.Petersburg,
or it may not be the same as the object name in the source language:
England - England
the English Channel - the English Channel, etc.
When transcribing geographical names, the stress shift often occurs due to the phonetic preferences of the translating language:
Florida (accent on the first syllable)
Florida (accent on second syllable)
Washington (first syllable)
Washington (accent on the last syllable). There is a rule according to which, if the name includes a significant word, a mixed translation is often used, that is, a combination of transcription and semantic translation:
Gulf of Mexico - Gulf of Mexico
River Thames - River Thames
the Pacific Ocean - the Pacific Ocean
Hilton Hotel - Hilton Hotel
Mayflower Restaurant - Mayflower Restaurant.
Transcription is used to translate the names of firms, companies, publishers, car brands, periodicals, for example:
Subaru - Subaru
Ford Mustang - Ford Mustang
Facts On File - Facts It File
New Press Quarterly - New Press Quaterly
Novaya Gazeta - Novaya Gazeta.
However, the names of educational institutions, as a rule, are subject to partial or full semantic translation:
Westren Michigan University
West Michigan University
Cherry hill high school
Cherry Hill High School
St.Petersburg State University.
St. Petersburg State University

- the realities, the names of nationally-cultural objects characteristic of the original culture and relatively few or not at all known to the translating culture. The most common way to transmit them in another language is translation transcription or standard transliteration.
Some of these names, especially those containing semantic components reflecting certain real properties of an object, are translated either in a mixed way or by tracing:
Koschey the Immortal - Koshchey the Deathless
(or Immortal)
Earthsea - Earthsea
Mirkwood - Magnificent, etc.

- terms. The source of transcriptions is usually Greek, Latin, or English, depending on which roots lie at the basis of the original term:
cable - cable (may also have more traditional matching cord, wire),
restitution - restitution, embargo - embargo
chernozem - chernozem
catholicity - sobornost
Duma - Duma, etc.

Recommended translation transcription rules
1. Adhere to any system of international transcription or inter-alphabetic correspondence. Most translation transcription schemes
3.Transcription / transliteration subject to almost all proper names, including the names of people, geographic names, naming companies (when they are in the form of a personal name), periodicals, folk characters, names of countries and peoples, naming national cultural realities, etc.
4. The application of transcription to the translation of the names appearing in the text requires a preliminary culturological analysis, designed to determine the possible traditional forms of a particular name that are already established in the global or translational culture and require reproduction in exactly the form in which they exist.
5. Most of the newly introduced terms in special areas are subject to transcription / transliteration. It should however be remembered that in many cases there is no need to translate another word if the translational language has a one-to-one correspondence that was previously used in the same meaning or applicable as a newly introduced term. Introduction of parallel terms-transliterations along with already existing terms from among the units of the target language, in essence
WU is tantamount to creating professional jargon, that is, it goes beyond the literary norm and introduces unnecessary "information noise" into the process of intercultural communication.
6. Transcription / transliteration can be used as a component of a mixed translation, in parallel with tracing, semantic translation or commentary.