13. The concept of norms and ususa in translation.

The general theory of translation reveals the concept of the translation standard, on the basis of which the quality of translation is assessed. The set of requirements for the quality of translation is called the translation rate. The quality of the translation is determined by the degree of its compliance with the translational standard and the nature of involuntary or conscious deviations from this norm.
There is a linguistic norm that misses what really exists in a language and is recognized by society as correct; and delays those products of the system that do not really exist in the language and are not used in speech. Regarding the language norm, the rule is applicable: “right - wrong”. The language norm is based on the study of the language of writers - the classics (standard).
Speech norm - usus - the rule of situational use of language, reflecting the speech habits and traditions of this language team. It is appropriate-inappropriate.
What is appropriate (appropriate) in a certain functional style, as a rule, does not contradict the language norm. What is relevant in one style may be out of place in another, but the language norm does not contradict.
The concept of the translation rate includes the requirement of the regulatory use of the translation language by the translator, as well as the need for the results of the translation process to be consistent with generally accepted views on the goals and objectives of translation activities that guide translators in a certain historical period. Thus, the translation rate is formed as a result of the interaction of five different types of regulatory requirements:
1. equivalence rate of translation;
2. genre-stylistic translation rate;
3. norms of translational speech;
4. pragmatic translation rate;
5. Conventional transfer rate.

The equivalence of the original content and the translation serves as the basis of their communicative equivalence, the alleged presence of which makes this text a translation. Translation equivalence rate is not a constant parameter. It means that the content of the original and translation should be as general as possible, but only to the extent compatible with other regulatory requirements ensuring the adequacy of the translation. In each particular case, the type of equivalence is determined both by the ratio of the units of IL and IL, and by taking into account the pragmatic factors affecting the act of transfer.
Genre-stylistic translation rate can be defined as the requirement that the translation should correspond to the stylistic features of the type of text to which the translation belongs. The choice of this type is determined by the nature of the original, and the stylistic requirements that the translation must meet are the regulatory rules that characterize texts of a similar type in the language of translation.
The norm of translation speech can be defined as the requirement to comply with the rules of the norm and usa of the IL, taking into account the usual features of translated texts in this language. These features are implemented by translators intuitively in their practice.
A pragmatic translation rate can be defined as a requirement to ensure the pragmatic value of translation. It is not a “norm” in the full sense of the word, since the pragmatic super-task of the translation act may be individual and not inherent in translation in general. However, modification of the results of the translation process for pragmatic purposes is a fairly common phenomenon, without which it is impossible to take into account the normative assessment of transfers. The pragmatic conditions of the translation act may make it necessary to completely or partially refuse to comply with the translation standard, to replace the actual translation with a retelling, abstract or any other type of transmission of the original content that does not pretend to its comprehensive representation.
At present, the conventional translation rate can be defined as a requirement that the translation is as close as possible to the original, its ability to fully replace the original as a whole and in detail, performing the tasks for which the translation was carried out. Practically, this requirement is realized by fulfilling all or some of the specified aspects of the translation standard.

Thus, compliance with all regulatory rules, except the norm of equivalence, is more general in nature and is something taken for granted, and the degree of fidelity to the original is the variable that most determines the level of professional qualifications of the translator and the assessment of the quality of each individual translation.