19. Text-forming competence of the translator

The text is a speech work, with the help of which verbal communication is carried out. The text consists of statements that the speaker creates by selecting language units and connecting them according to the rules of the grammar of the language in accordance with their communicative intent. Understanding of a statement occurs on the basis of both linguistic and extralinguistic factors.
The translator must be able to perceive this integrity of the original text and ensure the integrity of the translation text he creates. In a number of modern concepts of translation, the translator, first of all, is considered as the creator of the text on TL - Texter or Textproduzent.

The essence of the translation is revealed in the text; text with (.) sp. translation.
Professor Schweitzer noted that it was the text that was the subject of synthesis at its final stage.
Professor Naida (Nida), in his opinion, the text has common features, which he called the universals of the text:
1. Various ways of marking the beginning and end of the text.
2. ways of marking transitions m / y with the internal parts of the text (logical and grammatical braces: “therefore”, “therefore” is inherent in Russian, not English).
3. temporal communication (coordination of Past Simple-Past Perfect times).
4. spatial connections (logical arrangement of paragraphs).
5. Identification of participants in discourse (text).
6. Different sources of selection of certain elements for focusing on them or for emphazy (in newspaper and journalistic texts - emphases, inversions).
7.of the author (his position, (.) View). The transfer of the individual originality of the original, the author.
The less “noticeable” the translator is, the better.
Speaking about the perception of the content of the text, prof.I.V. Arnold emphasizes that different people perceive the text differently depending on their life, reading and social experience.
The understanding of the text is based on the awareness of integrity with the obligatory consideration of the pragmatic rules of its construction. At the same time, it is important not only what was said, but also what is implied, so it is imperative to take into account the presuppositions, which should include not only what was said earlier, but also simply the known “me” inherent, its social status and background knowledge.
Description of the semantic structure of the text can be done in 3 directions: vertical, horizontal and deep, which are essential for translation.
With a vertical approach (integrity), the content of the text is viewed from the text as a whole to its parts, i.e. first, the subject of the text is highlighted, then it is divided into subtopics, in which, in turn, their constituent parts differ. Therefore, translating individual units, the translator takes into account the place of each in the general page of the content of the source text and accordingly builds the semantic page of the text it creates.
The horizontal structure of the content of the text (connectedness) is created with the content of each of its units, their interaction and the sequence of arrangement in the text.
Of particular importance for the theory of translation is the description of the deep structure of the content of the text (understanding of the meaning), reflecting the process of constructing speech statements and their inclusion in the text. The linguistic terms are the carriers of the “bricks” of meaning and in each statement they are selected and reorganized so that the communicants will extract the information that was provided for in the original text.
The combination of linguistic units in the statement creates new information that was missing in the “bricks” of meaning. In this sense, the content of the statement is more informative than the total value of its units.
Halliday identifies the following extralinguistic factors relevant to the text:
1.Context of the situation (type of activity-business, medicin; participants of the discourse; mode of expression, with which communication)
2.context culture
3. Intertextuality (“a part of the environment of any text is created by a set of previously created texts that are the basis for interaction when creating a new text”)

There are differences in the text in Russian and texat in English. For English, the text is har-less logistic (there is no abundance of introductory phrases as in Russian, therefore, obviously)

Each text is included in the genre and style.