Lecture
Это окончание невероятной информации про беспилотный летательный аппарат.
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UAV service life is not limited by the physiological capabilities of a human pilot.
Wankel rotary engines, due to their small size, light weight, low vibration, and high power-to-weight ratio, are used in many large UAVs. Their engine rotors cannot seize; the engine is not subject to shock cooling during descent and does not require an enriched fuel mixture for cooling at high power. These attributes reduce fuel consumption, increasing range or payload.
Proper cooling of the drone is necessary for long-term drone operation. Overheating and subsequent engine failure is the most common cause of drone breakdown. [122]
Hydrogen fuel cells, using hydrogen energy, can extend the service life of small UAVs to several hours. [123] [124] [125]
Endurance in micro air vehicles is currently best achieved with flapping-wing UAVs, followed by fixed-wing aircraft, with multicopters coming last due to their lower Reynolds number. [63]
Solar-electric UAVs, a concept originally pioneered by the AstroFlight Sunrise in 1974, have achieved flights of several weeks.
Solar-powered atmospheric satellites ("atmosats"), designed to operate at altitudes above 20 km (12 miles or 60,000 feet) for five years, could potentially perform their duties more economically and with greater versatility than low Earth orbit satellites. Likely applications include weather monitoring, disaster recovery, Earth imaging, and communications.
Electric UAVs powered by microwave or laser beaming are another potential solution for improving endurance. [126]
Another application of high-endurance UAVs is to "stare" at the battlefield for an extended period (ARGUS-IS, Gorgon Stare, Integrated Sensor Is Structure) to record events that could then be played back in reverse to track actions on the battlefield.
| UAV | Flight time hours:minutes |
Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Boeing Condor | 58:11 | 1989 | The aircraft is currently housed at the Hiller Aviation Museum.
[127] |
| General Atomics GNAT | 40:00 | 1992 | [128] [129] |
| TAM-5 | 38:52 | August 11, 2003 | The smallest UAV to cross the Atlantic
[130] |
| QinetiQ Zephyr Solar Electric | 54:00 | September 2007 | [131] [132] |
| RQ-4 Global Hawk | 33:06 | March 22, 2008 | Set the endurance record for a full-scale operational unmanned aircraft. [133] |
| QinetiQ Zephyr Solar Electric | 82:37 | July 28–31, 2008 | [134] |
| QinetiQ Zephyr Solar Electric | 336: 22 | July 9–23, 2010 | [135] |
Reliability improvement targets all aspects of UAV systems using fault-tolerance and fail-safe methods.
Individual reliability includes the reliability of flight controllers, to ensure safety without excessive redundancy, in order to minimize cost and weight. [136] In addition, dynamic flight-envelope estimation makes it possible to build damage-tolerant UAVs using nonlinear analysis with specially designed circuits or neural networks. [137] Responsibility for UAV software is shifting toward the design and certification standards used for manned onboard avionics software. [138]
Swarm resilience includes maintaining operational capability and reconfiguring tasks in the event of unit failures. [139]
UAVs have a wide range of civilian, commercial, military, and aerospace applications. These include:
Civilian
Recreation , disaster relief , archaeology , biodiversity and habitat conservation , law enforcement , crime and terrorism ,
Commercial
Aerial surveillance , filmmaking , journalism , scientific research , surveying , cargo transport , mining , manufacturing , forestry , solar farming , thermal energy , ports and agriculture
Military
Reconnaissance , attack , mine clearance and target practice
UAVs are developed and used in many countries around the world. Because of their widespread proliferation, there is no complete list of UAV systems. [56] [140]
The export of UAVs or technologies capable of carrying a 500 kg payload a distance of at least 300 km is restricted in many countries under the Missile Technology Control Regime.
September 21, 2017
In the evening over the eastern shore of Staten Island, New York, USA, a civilian UAV collided with a Black Hawk helicopter. [19] The helicopter was one of two from the 82nd Airborne Division flying out of Fort Bragg on duty ahead of the UN General Assembly. [19] The helicopters were able to continue their flight and landed at Linden Airport. [19] No one was injured, but part of the UAV was found lodged in the lower part of the rotor system. [19]
In December 2017, the National Transportation Safety Board published an accident report placing the blame on the UAV pilot. [20] The UAV operator had deliberately flown it 2.5 miles from his position and was unaware that helicopters were present. [20] The operator did not know a collision had occurred until he was contacted by the NTSB, and during the interview he showed only a general, superficial knowledge of the regulations. [20] There was also a temporary flight restriction in place that permitted the Black Hawk but not the UAV. [20] Under FAA rules, UAVs are prohibited from flying beyond visual line of sight. [20]
October 12, 2017
A Beechcraft King Air A100 operated by SkyJet Aviation collided with a UAV as it was approaching Jean Lesage Airport near Quebec City, Canada. [21] [22] The aircraft landed safely despite the wing strike. [21] [22] The aircraft had departed from Rouyn-Noranda Airport bound for Rouyn-Noranda Airport with six passengers and two crew members aboard. [21] [22] A spokesperson for the Quebec police stated that neither the UAV nor its operator had been located. It had been flying at an altitude of 1,500 feet – five times the maximum altitude at which UAVs are permitted to fly in Canada. Rules prohibiting unmanned aircraft from flying near airports had been introduced earlier in 2017. [21] Minister of Transport Marc Garneau issued a statement saying: "While the vast majority of drone operators fly responsibly, it is precisely our concerns about incidents like this one that have prompted me to take action and introduce temporary safety measures restricting the flying of recreational drones. I would like to remind drone operators that creating a safety hazard for an aircraft is an extremely dangerous and serious violation". [21]
August 10, 2018
A hot air balloon carrying a certified pilot and two passengers was struck by a drone while flying near Teton County, in Driggs, Idaho, USA. The drone fell to the ground and was destroyed after its rotors were torn off on contact with the balloon's envelope and load lines; the balloon sustained no significant damage and landed safely, with no injuries to the pilot or passengers. Reportedly, an inexperienced drone hobbyist lost sight of the balloon on his aircraft's monitor and was operating within 8 km of Driggs–Reed Memorial Airport without notifying air traffic control, which is a violation of the Federal Aviation Regulations. The balloon pilot relied on radio communication with a nearby manned aircraft and on air traffic control to avoid other air traffic. The balloon pilot chose to report the incident to the National Transportation Safety Board instead of notifying the local sheriff's department, stating that she "[hopes] this incident helps start a conversation with respect to nature, airspace, rules and regulations". The incident is currently under investigation. This was the first recorded mid-air collision between a UAV and a hot air balloon. [2
UAVs have historically had a much higher loss rate than manned military aircraft. Besides anti-aircraft weapons, unmanned aerial vehicles are vulnerable to loss of power and loss of communications link. [62]
October 2013
A UAV fell onto the railway tracks on the Sydney Harbour Bridge, where it was discovered and retrieved by a Sydney Trains conductor. [63] Bewildered workers on the platform examined the UAV, fearing it might be a weapon. [63] The Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) launched an investigation, and police began searching for the pilot. [64] The pilot had been testing new UAV equipment when, mid-flight, the camera failed to mount and the UAV began returning to its home GPS point. [63] The UAV struck the corner of a building and then the pylon of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, [64]and the pilot assumed it had been lost in the waters of Port Jackson. [63] After seeing media reports of a "mysterious drone" colliding with the nearby bridge, the pilot contacted aviation authorities and Sydney police. Police considered the situation not suspicious and returned the aircraft to the pilot. [63]
April 2014
A triathlete was injured in an incident involving a drone that was filming the race. [65] She claimed she had been struck by the drone, and said that " the ambulance crew removed a piece of propeller from my head ". [65] The drone's owner claimed the athlete was injured when she was startled by the falling drone and tripped. [65] Timing equipment interfered with the drone's operation when it was near people on the ground. [66]In November 2014, the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions stated that the evidence showed the drone had struck the triathlete, who suffered a head injury as a result. However, given the operator's young age and clean record, the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions chose not to press charges against the operator and referred the case back to CASA. CASA subsequently fined the operator $1,700 for flying a drone within 30 meters of people. [67]
February 2016
A pilot flying a recreational drone crashed his DJI Phantom drone during a ceremony at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. [68] No one was injured. The drone reportedly landed near the Memorial's director and former Defence Minister Brendan Nelson, who picked it up and later handed it over to security staff. [69] Following an investigation by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA), the drone's pilot was fined $900, which a CASA spokesperson said closed the case. [69]
June 2016
Stephanie Crenue was taking part in a 5 km race in Beloeil, Quebec, when a DJI Phantom 3 fell and struck her on the head. [70] She was taken to the hospital, where she was diagnosed with " whiplash" . [70] As of June 22 she was still unable to work, and she had to cancel a vacation with her husband. [70] Rosaire Turcotte, who was operating the drone that crashed, said he could not understand how it happened and that he had been flying safely. [70] The incident was caught on camera by another drone belonging to VTOL-X Drones, which had been hired to cover the event. [70]Flavio Martenkowski, CEO of VTOL-X, said he had spoken to Turcotte about the danger of flying so close to the crowd shortly before the crash. [70] The Transportation Safety Board of Canada launched an investigation into the accident. [70]
October 2013
A tourist was arrested in Paris and fined 400 euros for "operating an aircraft in violation of safety regulations". [71]
October and November 2014
Unidentified UAVs were spotted flying near 13 nuclear power plants. [72] The Secretariat-General for National Defence and Security issued a statement saying the flights were "an organized provocation". [72]
March 2016
A UAV with a 3-meter wingspan went out of control and was pursued by two Belgian F-16 fighter jets. [73] When it crossed into French airspace, it was chased by French Rafale fighters for two hours before it crashed in a field near Dizy-le-Gros. [73] It had been built by the Flemish Institute for Technological Research and had taken off from Weelde Air Base. [73]
May 2014
"Francesco's Pizzeria of Mumbai" delivered a pizza from its Lower Parel branch to a rooftop in Worli. [74] Mumbai police launched an investigation on the grounds that no security clearance had been requested. [75]
2012
A theater group flew Parrot AR.Drones in Dublin [76], to shoot video for an exhibition. [76] The Irish Aviation Authority stated that this was prohibited, since the city of Dublin is classified as a restricted zone. [77]
April 2014
A video of Cork shot by Raymond Fogarty became popular online but drew criticism from licensed SkyTec operators. [78] Fogarty later became a commercial UAV pilot and urged UAV operators to know the law and not fly over built-up areas. [79]
December 2015
A UAV filming the slalom race in Madonna di Campiglio nearly hit Marcel Hirscher. [80] The International Ski Federation had approved the use of the UAV, although the pilot was not authorized to fly directly over the course. [80] The race director said the pilot had not followed the federation's instructions. [80] Camera-equipped UAVs have since been banned from the federation's World Cup races. [80]
June 2013
Police detained a man who was flying a multicopter near the hospital where Nelson Mandela was staying. [81] The equipment and video footage were confiscated by police. [82]
April 2016
A UAV smashed an office window in Cape Town and struck David Perel, an interface designer and Kessel Ferrari racing driver. [83] The operator and a friend went to check whether he was injured, and Perel returned the UAV to them. [83] SACAA contacted Perel and the operators after video of the incident appeared on YouTube. [83]
April 2014
A man pleaded guilty to flying a small UAV within 50 m of a submarine testing range. [84] He claimed he had been flying a mile from the base but lost radio contact with the ship. [84] He was fined £800 and ordered to pay £3,500 in court costs. [84] The MAA said the incident raised safety concerns about unmanned aircraft flights. [84]
September 2015
Nigel Wilson of Bingham, Nottinghamshire, admitted nine breaches of the Air Navigation Order over the previous year. [85] He was fined £1,800 and banned from buying or using a UAV for two years. [85]
November 2015
A toddler reportedly lost an eye as a result of a UAV accident. [86] Simon Evans was flying a UAV that accidentally struck a tree and began spinning before it hit Oscar Webb. [86] Oscar can see with his uninjured eye, but he will need several operations before a prosthetic can be fitted. [86] Oscar's family forgave Evans, but he has not flown any of his UAVs since, saying that when he looks at his UAVs after the incident, he feels "physically sick". [86]
December 2015
Lincolnshire Police asked the UAV operator to come forward after footage he had filmed while flying over Lincoln appeared on YouTube . [87] The flight was criticized by an expert as "incredibly irresponsible". [88]
March 2016
A UAV collided with a train being hauled by the Flying Scotsman steam locomotive. [89] British Transport Police launched an investigation, identified the operator, and warned UAV operators not to fly within 50 meters of a train, as doing so is illegal. [90]
July 2016
Daniel Kelly of Grove Park, Lewisham, London, pleaded guilty to using a UAV to smuggle a psychoactive substance and tobacco into HMP Swaleside. [91] He was arrested on 25 April 2016 in Leysdown-on-Sea. [91] Police noticed a car with its headlights on, then someone ran up to it and it sped off. [91] A UAV was found in the boot of the car – it had been sprayed black, and its lights had been taped over with black tape. [91] Kent Police said this was probably the first sentence of its kind in the United Kingdom. [91] His girlfriend had the charges against her dropped. [91] He had also flown over HMP Elmley, HMP Wandsworth and HM Prison The Mount. [92]
3 July 2017
A runway at Gatwick Airport was closed for two short periods due to drone incursions. [93]
19-21 December 2018
A suspected single UAV caused air traffic disruption affecting more than 100,000 passengers at Gatwick Airport during a busy Christmas period. All flights at the airport were either delayed or diverted to nearby airports, and on the day of the incident scheduled night-flight restrictions were lifted, allowing diverted flights to resume.
31 December 2018
A man was detained after he allegedly flew a drone from the Severn Bridge .
8 January 2019
Flights were suspended at Britain's busiest airport, Heathrow , after a report of a drone sighting. [96]
August 1956
Several Northrop F-89 Scorpions attempted to shoot down a runaway F6F-5K drone over Southern California, but failed to bring it down with rocket fire. [97] It crashed in a desert area. [97]
August 2013
A UAV filming the Bull Run event in Dinwiddie County, Virginia, crashed into a crowd, causing minor injuries. [98] [99]
May 2014
Police were called to Hammonasset Beach State Park, Madison, Connecticut, by Andrea Mears, who claimed that Austin Haughwout had been filming people on the beach with his UAV and that he had assaulted her. [100] [101] Police prepared to arrest him, but he provided footage from his UAV and mobile phone showing that he had not been filming people and that Mears had instead attacked him. [100] [101] Mears was arrested and charged with third-degree assault and second-degree disorderly conduct. [100] She was granted accelerated pretrial probation, which wipes her conviction from her record after two years. [101]
June 2014
Hockey fans celebrating a victory near the Staples Center in Los Angeles in 2014 spotted a UAV flying over the crowd. [102] [103] [104] The crowd threw objects at the UAV, bringing it close enough to the ground that members of the crowd were able to grab it. [102] [103] It was alleged that the UAV belonged to the Los Angeles Police Department, but the LAPD denied this. [102] [103]
January 2015
A DJI Phantom crashed on the grounds of the White House, Washington, D.C. [105] The operator had been flying it while drunk and lost control of it. [105]
June 2015
A woman who was watching the Seattle Pride parade was struck by a falling UAV and lost consciousness, suffering a concussion. [106] [107] She was standing near Fourth Avenue and Madison Street when the drone struck a building, fell, and hit her on the head. [106] Her boyfriend caught her as she fell, and an off-duty firefighter helped her. [106] Police investigated, and the pilot came forward. [106] In January 2017, Paul M. Skinner was found guilty of reckless endangerment by Judge Willie Gregory's court in a unanimous verdict from a six-person jury. [107]This was the first time Seattle prosecutors had convicted anyone for misusing a drone in a public place. [107] Such a conviction can carry a penalty of up to 364 days in jail and a $5,000 fine. [107] Mr. Skinner was scheduled to be sentenced in February 2017. [107]
July 2015
Firefighting aircraft were grounded for 26 minutes in Southern California due to concerns about colliding with five UAVs spotted in the area. [108] This was the fourth time in several weeks that drones had interfered with firefighters in Southern California. [108]
August 2015
A police search in East Hollywood was disrupted by a UAV. [109] Police were searching for a man wanted for assault with a deadly weapon when a UAV flew near a Los Angeles Police Department helicopter. [109] In November 2015, Martin Sheldon pleaded no contest to a charge of obstructing a police officer for flying his UAV near the helicopter on 27 August 2015. [109] He was required to surrender his UAV to police, complete 30 days of community service, and agree not to own or operate a UAV or other unmanned aircraft for three years of probation. [109]
September 2015
A drone crashed into an empty seat at the US Open at Louis Armstrong Stadium, Queens, New York, causing no damage according to the USTA . [110] This occurred during a match between Flavia Pennetta and Monica Niculescu . [110] A teacher named Daniel Verley was arrested on charges of reckless endangerment, reckless operation of a drone, and operating a drone outside a designated zone in a New York City park. [110] He was released and ordered to appear in court at a later date. [110] Bringing drones onto the grounds of the National Tennis Center is strictly prohibited. [110] In October 2015, Daniel Verley was sentenced to community service, including tutoring underprivileged students. [111] He fully cooperated with the investigation. [111]
October 2015
A drone collided with power lines in West Hollywood, cutting off electricity to 700 customers of Southern California Edison . [112]
December 2015
A man in Lockport, New York, was charged with trespassing after he allegedly flew a UAV near the Van de Mark chemical plant, which manufactures phosgene gas . [113]
December 2016
A drone flying near the Space Needle, Seattle, Washington collided with the tower while pyrotechnicians were setting up New Year's fireworks. [114]
February 2017
A UAV flew into the window of a 27th-floor apartment in Kips Bay, Manhattan, shattering it while a person was home. [115] [116]
May 2017
A UAV filming the Golden State Race series in California struck a tree and went out of control into a group of cyclists. [117] Part of the drone became lodged in a cyclist's front wheel, causing him to flip over the handlebars and suffer abrasions. [117] The drone's operator reportedly offered to buy the cyclist a new front wheel and helmet. [117]
May 2017
A track and field meet at Trabuco Hills High School, Mission Viejo, California, was disrupted by a drone dropping balloons over the event, though only one person was struck. [118] The drone had been spotted the previous evening, and the athletics coach sent people to search for the drone's operators. [118] Police were notified the following morning. [118]
May 2017
A GoPro Karma drone nearly hit spectators at Petco Park, San Diego, California, during a game between the San Diego Padres and Arizona. [119] [120] Major League Baseball stated that the use of UAVs at baseball stadiums is prohibited. [121]
September 2017
A 52-year-old woman saw a UAV flying near the 42nd floor of a condominium tower in the 500 block of North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, at around 12:30 on September 9, 2017. [122] According to police, it hovered near the building for an extended period, without authorization from the building management. [122] Amit Kleinman, 31, attempted to retrieve the UAV from the third floor and was taken into custody. [122] He was charged with one count each of criminal trespass, reckless conduct, and disorderly conduct. [122]
December 2019 - January 2020
A large group of unidentified unmanned aerial vehicles was repeatedly observed flying in grid formations at night in Colorado and Nebraska. [123] The drones appeared to be operated in violation of federal regulations, prompting the Federal Aviation Administration and the state of Colorado to launch an investigation. [124] [125]
July 2020
A man was arrested on federal charges in Portland, Oregon, for operating a drone in restricted airspace during a protest [126] [127]
UAVs can threaten airspace safety in numerous ways, including unintentional collisions or other interference with the operation of other aircraft, deliberate attacks, or distraction of pilots or air traffic controllers. The first incident of a drone colliding with an aircraft occurred in mid-October 2017 in Quebec, Canada. [141] The first recorded case of a drone colliding with a hot-air balloon occurred on August 10, 2018, in Driggs, Idaho, USA; although the balloon sustained no significant damage and none of the three passengers were injured, the balloon pilot reported the incident to the NTSB, stating that «I hope this incident helps start a conversation about respect for nature, airspace, rules, and regulations.". [142] In recent events, unmanned aerial vehicles flying into or near airports have shut them down for extended periods of time. [143]
UAVs can be loaded with dangerous payloads and crashed into vulnerable targets. Payloads can include explosives, chemical, radiological, or biological hazards. UAVs with normally non-lethal payloads can be hacked and used for malicious purposes. States are developing counter-UAV systems to address this threat. However, this is proving difficult. As Dr. J. Rogers stated in an interview with A&T: «There is currently a great deal of debate about how best to deal with these small UAVs, regardless of whether they are used by hobbyists causing minor inconvenience or in a more sinister manner by a terrorist". [144]
By 2017, drones were being used to drop contraband into prisons. [145] In December 2018, drones caused serious disruption at Gatwick Airport, requiring the deployment of the British Army. [146] [147]
The malicious use of UAVs has led to the development of counter-unmanned aircraft system (C-UAS) technologies, such as Aaronia AARTOS, which have been installed at major international airports. [148] [149] Air-defense missile systems, such as "Iron Dome", are also being upgraded with C-UAS technologies.
Interest in UAV cybersecurity grew significantly after the 2009 incident involving the interception of a «Predator» UAV's video feed [150], when Islamic militants used cheap off-the-shelf equipment to stream the UAV's video feed. Another risk is the possibility of hijacking or jamming a UAV in flight. Several security researchers have disclosed vulnerabilities in commercial UAVs, and in some cases have even provided the full source code or tools to reproduce their attacks. [151] At an October 2016 workshop on unmanned aerial vehicles and privacy, researchers from the Federal Trade Commission demonstrated that they could hack three different consumer quadcopters, and noted that UAV manufacturers could make their UAVs more secure through basic security measures, such as encrypting the Wi-Fi signal and adding password protection. [152]
In the United States, flying near a wildfire is punishable by a fine of up to $25,000. Nevertheless, in 2014 and 2015, aerial firefighting support in California was hindered several times, including during the Lake Fire [153] and the North Fire. [154] [155] In response, California lawmakers introduced a bill allowing firefighters to disable UAVs that intrude into restricted airspace. [156] The Federal Aviation Administration later required the registration of most UAVs.
The possibility of using UAVs to detect and combat wildfires is also being explored, whether for surveillance or for launching pyrotechnic devices to start backfires. [157]
Ethical concerns and accidents involving UAVs have led countries to regulate UAV use.
In 2017 [158], the National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC) regulated the operation of drones under Brazil's Special Civil Aviation Regulation No. 94/2017 (RBAC-E No. 94/2017). The ANAC regulation supplements the drone operating rules established by the Airspace Control Department (DECEA) and the National Telecommunications Agency (ANATEL).
In 2016, Transport Canada proposed new regulations that would require all UAVs weighing more than 250 grams to be registered and insured, and operators to meet a minimum age and pass an exam to obtain a license. [159] The revised regulations took effect in June 2019. [160]
The Irish Aviation Authority (IAA) requires that all UAVs over 1 kg be registered, with a license issued by the IAA required for UAVs weighing 4 kg or more. [161] [162]
ENAC (Ente Nazionale per l'Aviazione Civile), Italy's Civil Aviation Authority for technical regulation, certification, oversight, and control in the field of civil aviation, issued very detailed regulations for all UAVs on May 31, 2016, specifying what types of vehicles may be used, where, for what purposes, and who may operate them. The regulation covers the use of UAVs for commercial and recreational purposes. The latest version was published on December 22, 2016. [163]
In 2015, the Japan Civil Aviation Bureau announced that a «UA/Drone» (referring to any aircraft, helicopter, glider, or airship that cannot accommodate a person on board and can be remotely or automatically piloted) must (A) not fly near or above [certain areas], (B) not fly at an altitude of more than 150 meters above ground/water level, (C) not fly over urban areas and suburbs (so only rural areas are permitted). The UAV/drone must be operated manually and within visual line of sight, and so on. The UAV/drone must not fly near any important buildings or facilities in the country, including nuclear ones. The UA/drone must strictly comply with Japan's Radio Act. [164]
As of November 2019, the Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-107-SCT3-2019 standard and memorandum CO AV-23/10 R4 regulate the use of UAVs, or «remotely piloted aircraft», in Mexico. [165]
As of May 2016, the Dutch police are testing trained bald eagles to intercept unmanned aerial vehicles. [166] [167]
In April 2014, the South African Civil Aviation Authority announced that it would crack down on illegal UAV flights in South African airspace. [168] Hobbyist drones weighing less than 7 kg, flying up to 500 m with restricted direct line of sight below the height of the tallest obstacle within 300 m of the UAV, are permitted. No license is required for such vehicles. [169]
To operate a drone in Dubai, citizens must obtain a No Objection Certificate from the Dubai Civil Aviation Authority (DCAA). This certificate can be obtained online. [170]
As of December 2018, unmanned aerial vehicles weighing 20 kg (44 lb) or less must be flown within the operator's visual line of sight. In populated areas, unmanned aerial vehicles must stay 150 feet (46 m) away from people and may not fly over large crowds or over built-up areas. [171]
In July 2018, it became illegal to fly UAVs more than 400 feet (120 m) high and within 1 km (0.62 miles) of aircraft, airports, and airfields.
As of November 30, 2019, anyone flying a drone weighing between 250 g and 20 kg must register with the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Pilots require a flyer ID, and those operating a drone require an operator ID. The rules apply to both hobbyists and professional users. [172]
As of December 21, 2015, all hobbyist unmanned aerial vehicles weighing between 250 g and 25 kg must be registered with the FAA [173] no later than February 19, 2016. [174]
The FAA's new UAV registration process includes the following requirements:
On May 19, 2017, in Taylor v. Huerta, [179] the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit [180] held that the FAA's 2015 drone registration rule violated the 2012 FAA Modernization and Reform Act. Under the court's ruling, while commercial drone operators are required to register, recreational operators are not. [181] On May 25, 2017, a week after the Taylor decision, Senator Dianne Feinstein introduced the Drone Federalism Act of 2017 in Congress [182].
On June 21, 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration announced rules for the commercial operation of small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) weighing between 0.55 and 55 lb (approximately 250 g to 25 kg), including payload. The rules, which exclude hobbyists, require a licensed remote pilot in command to be present for all operations. Certification for this role, available to any citizen aged 16 or older, can only be obtained after passing a written test and subsequently submitting an application. Those who hold a sport pilot license or higher and have a current flight review may take the rules-specific exam online for free at faasafety.gov. Other candidates must pass a more comprehensive exam at an aeronautical testing center. All certificate holders are required to complete recurrent training courses every two years.[183]
Commercial operations are limited to daylight, direct line of sight, speeds under 100 mph, altitudes under 400 feet, and Class G airspace only, and may not fly over people or be operated from a moving vehicle. [184] Some organizations have obtained a waiver or an authorization certificate that allows them to exceed these rules. [185] On September 20, 2018, State Farm Insurance, in partnership with the Virginia Tech Mid-Atlantic Aviation Partnership and the FAA's pilot integration program, became the first in the United States to fly a UAV «Beyond-Visual-Line-Of-Sight» (BVLOS) and over people under an FAA Part 107 Waiver. The flight was conducted at Virginia Tech's Kentland Farm outside the Blacksburg campus using a SenseFly eBee aircraft, with Christian Kuhn, a State Farm Catastrophe Claims employee (Part 107 and Part 61 pilot), serving as pilot in command. [186] In addition, a CNN waiver for unmanned aerial vehicles modified to prevent injury allows flights over people, while other exemptions permit nighttime flights with special lighting or beyond-visual-line-of-sight operations for agriculture or railway inspection. [187]
Prior to this announcement, any commercial use required a full pilot license and an FAA waiver, of which hundreds had been granted.
The use of UAVs for law enforcement purposes is regulated at the state level.
In Oregon, law enforcement agencies are permitted to use unarmed drones without a warrant if there is reasonable cause to believe that the current environment presents an imminent danger for which the drone may gather information or assist people. Otherwise, a warrant must be obtained, with a maximum engagement period of 30 days.
Часть 1 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV, Drone). The Quadcopter
Часть 2 - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV, Drone). The Quadcopter
Часть 3 Autonomy - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV, Drone). The Quadcopter
Часть 4 - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV, Drone). The Quadcopter
Часть 5 Basic principles - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV, Drone). The Quadcopter
Часть 6 - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV, Drone). The Quadcopter
Часть 7 Capabilities - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV, Drone). The Quadcopter
Часть 8 - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV, Drone). The Quadcopter
Часть 9 Applications of unmanned aerial vehicles - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV,
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