Lecture
The proposed test will help in the study of logic. It can be used for self-preparation, as well as - in the control and consolidation of the main classroom material. It can also be used by teachers to conduct test and test examinations for the course of logic.
The test includes 100 tasks of the closed type, which greatly speeds up the teacher's test work. The tasks cover all sections of logic and allow not only to verify that students have the required amount of knowledge, but also to assess the level of their logical culture.
The suggested answers are structured in such a way that each of them can be chosen as an unprepared student as the right one, so the test cannot be completed formally, at random choosing the appropriate answer option. For its successful implementation requires real knowledge and skills in the course of logic. Such a construction of test tasks makes them more complex, but at the same time more interesting and greatly improves the efficiency of control of students' knowledge and skills.
When evaluating test results, you can use the following system:
NUMBER OF CORRECTLY ALLOWED JOBS
100-90 EXCELLENT
89-70 GOOD
69-50 SATISFACTORY
49-0 UNSATISFACTORY
Tasks
1. Logic is:
2. Formal logic appeared:
3. Formal logic is:
4. The ancient Greek philosopher is considered the creator of logic:
5. From the point of view of formal logic, the statement: “All Snow Maidens are geometric figures”:
6. Mathematical or symbolic logic appeared:
7. Intuitive logic is:
8. Ancient Greek philosophers who invented various methods of violating logical laws in order to prove anything, are:
9. The concept is
10. Any concept has:
11. Any concept is expressed in the form:
12. The content of the concept is:
13. The scope of the concept is a collection:
14. " Sun " is a concept:
15. “ Stupidity ” is a concept:
16. “ Slut ” is a concept:
17. The concept of " Orion Constellation " corresponds to a logical characteristic:
18. To the logical characteristic: general, collective, concrete, positive, corresponds to the concept:
19. The concept of " smart person " is:
20. The concept of a larger volume is called:
21. The concepts of " star " and " constellation " are in a relationship:
22. Relations between concepts are depicted:
23. Relations between the concepts of "point", "straight line", "plane", "space" are depicted by the following scheme (Fig. 42):
24. This scheme corresponds to the following group of concepts:
25. Relations between the concepts of “ daughter ” ( A ), “ granddaughter ” ( B ), “ woman (female) ” ( C ), are depicted as follows (fig. 43):
*A = B = C
26. The following group of concepts does not correspond to this scheme:
27. Relations between concepts: “equilateral triangle” (A), “isosceles triangle” (B), “right triangle” (C), “obtuse triangle” (D) - are represented by the following scheme (Fig. 44) (You must choose from 6 drawings one correct.):
*B C A D
28. Definition: “Existentialism is the philosophical direction of the twentieth century, which addresses various existential issues and problems ,” is:
29. Definition: “Entropy is a thermodynamic function characterizing a part of the internal energy of a closed system that cannot be converted into mechanical work ,” is:
30. The division of the concept reveals it:
31. In the division: "People are men, women, athletes and dancers," - a mistake was made:
32. The error intersection of the results of division, but not the substitution of the base and not a jump in the division was made in the following statement:
33. A possible result of the generalization for the notion “wheel of a car” will be the concept:
34. A possible result of the limitation for the concept of " pencil " will be the concept:
35. The limit of the logical chain of limitation of any concept will always be any:
36. A possible result of the limitation on the notion of “ crime level ” is the concept:
37. The judgment is:
38. The judgment is expressed in the form:
39. True or false may be:
40. The subject matter is called:
41. Judgment: “All people are not monkeys ,” is a judgment of the form:
42. The subject and the predicate in the judgment: “All the pines are not birches ,” are in a relationship:
43. The proposition: "There is no Angel ," is:
44. Attributive is the judgment:
45. The subject and the predicate are in relation to the intersection in the judgment:
46. In the judgment: "Some Russians are Olympic champions":
47. The subject is distributed, and the predicate is unallocated in the judgment:
48. The term simple attributive judgment is unallocated, if in this judgment:
49. The opposition to the predicate for the proposition: “All sparrows are birds ,” will be the judgment:
50. Judgments: “All predators are animals,” “Tigers are animals ,” are in relation:
51. If the judgment: “All people studied logic ,” is false, then the judgment: “All people did not study logic ,” is:
52. Complicated judgment: “If you sow the wind, reap the storm ,” is:
53. Complicated judgment: “It is nearing midnight, but there is no Herman ,” is:
54. Judgment: “If the Sun is a triangle, then all crocodiles are flying creatures ,” is formal:
55. A conjunction is true only when:
56. A strict disjunction is true only when:
57. The result of the formalization of reasoning: “If the Earth’s speed in orbit was more than 42 km / s, then the Earth would leave the Solar System, and if its speed was less than 3 km / s, it would fall on the Sun; however, the Earth does not leave the Solar System and does not fall on the Sun, therefore, its speed is not more than 42 km / s and not less than 3 km / s , ”is one of the formulas:
58. Inference is:
59. Deductive inferences are called:
60. Induction is:
61. Any simple syllogism has:
62. The connection between the subject and the predicate of the inference in a simple syllogism is fulfilled by:
63. The figure and mode of a simple syllogism are, respectively:
64. All first-graders have the ability to think. All college students are not first-graders. All college students do not have the ability to think. This simple syllogism contains an error:
65. Laws are eternal principles of nature. Universal military service is a law. Universal military service is an eternal principle of nature. This syllogism contains the following error:
66. Epicheireme is:
67. In a disjunctive-categorical syllogism, the first and second premises are, respectively, judgments:
68. Educational institutions are classified as primary or secondary. The Kyiv-Mohyla Academy is neither a primary nor a secondary educational institution. The Kyiv-Mohyla Academy is not an educational institution. This disjunctive-categorical syllogism contains an error:
69. The ancient Romans were politicians, or orators, or writers. Cicero was a politician. Cicero was neither an orator nor a writer. This disjunctive-categorical syllogism contains an error:
70. If the runway is covered with ice, then planes cannot take off. Today, planes cannot take off. Today, the runway is covered with ice. This conditional-categorical syllogism contains an error:
71. If a triangle is equilateral, then the sum of its interior angles is 180°. If a triangle is not equilateral, then the sum of its interior angles is 180°. The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°. This syllogism is:
72. If each angle of a triangle is equal to 60°, then the triangle is equilateral. In triangle ABC, each angle is equal to 60°. Triangle ABC is equilateral.
This syllogism is:
73. If the average density of matter in the Universe is greater than a certain critical value, then its expansion will eventually give way to contraction; and if this density is less than a certain critical value, then the expansion of the Universe will continue forevero. The average density of matter in the Universe is either greater or less than a certain critical value. The expansion of the Universe will eventually give way to its contraction, or the Universe will expand forever.
This inference is:
74. If I slack off all semester, I'll have to work hard during exams or be expelled. I don't want to work hard during exams or be expelled. I won't slack off during the semester. This syllogism is:
75. In inductive reasoning:
76. John Smith is an athlete. Petya Smirnov is an athlete. Sasha Ivanov is an athlete. John Smith, Petya Smirnov, and Sasha Ivanov are students in 9th grade "A."
All students in 9th grade "A" are athletes. This inference contains the following error:
77. In the argument: "Eating tomatoes is dangerous – they are associated with many illnesses and general human misfortunes. Almost all people suffering from chronic diseases have eaten tomatoes. 99.3% of all victims of car and plane crashes ate tomatoes in the two weeks preceding the accident. 97.2% of all juvenile delinquents come from families where tomatoes are regularly consumed," the following error is made:
78. In popular induction, unlike scientific induction:
79. The complex proposition: "If it was raining in the morning, then it cleared up by midday" is:
80. Analogy is:
2. Types of Analogy. Logic: Textbook for Students of Law Schools and Faculties
81. A loose disjunction is false when:
82. – Do you have Smart TVs? – Yes. – Then give me an Art TV. This joke violates:
83. Two students decided to ask the teacher if it was possible to sing during meditation. Each of them asked the teacher their own question. The teacher answered one of them that it was not possible, and the other that it was possible. It turned out that the first student asked the teacher this way: "Is it possible to sing during meditation?" And the second student asked the teacher this question: "Is it possible to meditate while singing?" In this situation:
83. 2 Two students who smoked decided to ask the teacher if they could smoke during class. The next day, the teacher allowed one of them to smoke, but not the other. The one whose teacher forbade smoking asked, "Can I smoke while meditating?" The other asked, "Can I meditate while smoking?"
In formal logic, the Law of Identity is usually expressed by the formula: A is A, or A=A, where A represents any thought. When constructing propositional calculi, symbolic logic operates with the formulas {\displaystyle a\to a} (read as "a implies a") and a ≡ a (read as "a is equivalent to a"), where:
a is any proposition;
"→" is the implication sign;
"≡" is the equivalence sign.
These formulas correspond to the law of identity.
In predicate logic, the law of identity is expressed by the formula {\displaystyle \forall x(p(x)\to p(x))}, that is,
For every x, it is true that if x has property p, then x has this property.
In formal logic
In formal logic, the identity of a thought with itself is understood as the identity of its scope. This means that thoughts of different concrete content can be substituted for the logical variable A in the formula "A is A," as long as they have the same scope. Instead of the first A in the formula "A is A," we can substitute the concept "animal with a soft earlobe," and instead of the second, the concept "animal with the ability to make tools" (from the point of view of formal logic, both of these thoughts are considered equivalent, indistinguishable, since they have the same scope; namely, the characteristics reflected in these concepts pertain only to the class of humans), and this yields the true proposition "An animal with a soft earlobe is an animal with the ability to make tools."
Violations of the Law of Identity
When the law of identity is violated involuntarily, through ignorance, logical errors called paralogisms arise. However, when this law is violated intentionally, with the intent of confusing the interlocutor and proving a false idea, errors called sophisms occur.
Violations of the law of identity can lead to the following errors:
Amphibole (from the Greek ἀμφιβολία—ambiguity, obscurity) is a logical error based on the ambiguity of linguistic expressions. For example: "They say correctly that the tongue will take you to Kyiv. I bought smoked tongue yesterday. Now I can confidently go to Kyiv." Another name for this error is "substitution of thesis." Equivocation (from the Latin aequivocatio, meaning "equivalence" or "ambiguity") is a logical fallacy in reasoning based on the use of the same word in different meanings. Equivocation is sometimes used as a rhetorical device. In logic, this device is called "substitution of concepts."
Logomachy (from the Greek λόγος, meaning "word," and μάχη, meaning "battle") is a dispute over words when, during a discussion, the participants cannot reach a common point of view due to the lack of clarification of the original concepts.
84. Sophism is:
85. Two opposing propositions about two different objects:
86. Two contradictory judgments about two different objects cannot be:
87. We were walking along Neglinnaya,We went to the boulevard,They bought us a blue-blue,A very green, red balloon. - S. V. Mikhalkov/ This humorous quatrain deliberately violates the logical law:
88. The law of contradiction is violated in the following statement:
89. In the reasoning: "Honey does not like to be poured, topped up, stirred, or heated too much, since this loses its medicinal properties, just as it does not like the addition of water and sugar. However, sometimes such honey is sold." "It is formed by feeding sugar syrup to bees," violates the law of:
90. In 1907, the Cadet faction in the State Duma decided on the issue of attitudes toward the government: to express neither confidence nor no confidence in it, and if a resolution of confidence in the government was introduced, to vote against it, and if a resolution of no confidence in the government was introduced, to vote against it. This decision violated the logical law of:
91. Returning home in the midst of the sun's heat, Nasreddin asked his wife, "Bring me a bowl of kefir. There's nothing healthier or more pleasant for the stomach in this heat!" His wife replied, "We don't even have a spoonful of yogurt in the house, let alone a bowl!" Nasreddin said, "Well, it's good that we don't, because kefir is bad for you." Nasreddin's words violate the following logical law:
92. In this argument: "German physicist Walther Nernst, author of the third law of thermodynamics (on the unattainability of absolute zero temperature) proved that he had succeeded in developing the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. Thus: the first law had three authors (J. Mayer, D. Joule, G. Helmholtz), the second had two (N. Carnot, R. Clausius), and the third had one (W. Nernst); therefore, the number of authors of the fourth law must be zero, i.e., such a law simply cannot exist," – a logical law is violated:
93. An implication is false only when:
95. Contradictions are:
96. The principle of verification is:
97. The reasoning: "All marsupials have tails, therefore all creatures with tails are marsupials" violates the logical law of:
98. An enthymeme is:
99. The reasoning: "Let's prove that three times two is not six, but four. Take a matchstick or a stick and break it in half. That's one time two. Then take one of the halves and break it in half, too. That's a second time two. Then take the remaining half and break it in half, too. That's a third time two. So, three times two is four, not six" is:
100. Sorites is a type of:
Sorites (from the Greek σωρός, "heap") is a chain of consecutive syllogisms in which the conclusion is one of the premises of the following one, and one of the premises is not explicitly stated.
SORITES is
For example:
The English are a courageous people.
A courageous people is free.
A free people is rich.
Therefore, the English are rich.
(example from Whately's "Logic")
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Logics
Terms: Logics