22. REASONS AFFIRMABLE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CHILD

VM Bekhterev indicates that the question of how the surrounding nature influences a person is very broad. In particular, there is no doubt that the temperate climate for personal development is more favorable than the harsh harsh climate of the north and the hot climate of the tropics. Along with climate, geographical conditions are important. Great deserts, unsuitable for human habitation, and all those areas where a person has to spend a lot of strength and energy to fight the surrounding nature, are not conducive to personal development. Similarly, unfavorable soil and meteorological conditions, characterized by the endemic development of these or other common diseases, cannot but adversely affect the development of the personality, undermining the physical health of the organism in the root.

Already in the anthropological characteristics of the race lies the foundations that determine the development of the personality. Attention is deserved by another factor influencing the development of the personality, a biological factor related to the conditions of conception and the development of the human body. Here, as V. M. Bekhterev points out, it is impossible not to note the importance in the personality development of those elements that are known as degeneration and which are rooted in unfavorable conception and fetal development. Whatever reasons these conditions depend on - from unfavorable psycho- or neuropathic heredity, physical defects, maternal diseases during conception and pregnancy, parents' alcoholism, severe physical and mental moments during pregnancy - their consequences are the degenerative features of the offspring, which, in in the end, they boil down to the decomposition of the personality and to its decline. It is quite clear that the development of personality as the highest manifestation of the psyche depends on physical conditions. It is impossible not to take into account the fact that only the harmonic development of the body and spirit ensures the correct perfection of the personality. If physical development from nature is weak, if a person from an early age is exposed to physical adversity and a number of common infectious diseases, especially with a protracted course, if at the same time he develops common painful lesions, rooted in insufficient and improper nutrition of the organism, then the full flowering of personality will be more or less delayed. If then physical adversity continues in adulthood, then the decline of the personality is already clearly revealed.

Common neuroses, especially hysteria and epilepsy, which develop mainly on the basis of unfavorable physical and mental moments, are detrimental to the development of the personality. Some authors, not without reason, consider hysteria as a phenomenon narrowing the sphere of consciousness ( F. Janet ) or as an expression of the decline of personality (Dr. L. N. Radin ). As for epilepsy, the influence of this neurosis on the development of the personality is evident already from the fact that more severe forms of epilepsy are necessarily accompanied by a so-called degenerative epileptic character and a more or less obvious weakening of mental powers and even a state of pronounced dementia leading to gradual extinction and degeneration personality.

On the development of the personality have a significant impact adverse economic conditions, leading consistently to the physical weakening of the body. On the basis of this, a number of debilitating physical diseases develop, undermining the nutrition of the body and disturbing the proper development of the brain and, consequently, of the personality. And besides these diseases, insufficient nutrition of the population, undermining its physical strength and leading to the development of physical exhaustion and anemia, is a condition that contributes to the weakening of brain power, a rapid depletion of mental forces and, at the same time, preventing the full flourishing of the personality.

Other important factors affecting the development of the personality are all chronic poisonings, especially those that affect the brain in the first place. Alcohol, which has reached such a gigantic development in modern society, in the opinion of V. M. Bekhterev, is the evil that carries within itself the germ of personal decline. Alcohol, paralyzing the sphere of feeling, intellect and will, undermines the fundamentals of the personality and is at the same time one of the most important causes leading to the development of mental illness, degeneration and crime.

Other moments play an important role in the development of personality. Here, above all, refers to the upbringing and education. Apparently, little attention is paid to education in the sense of personality development, and yet can one doubt that education is the first to establish the main features of a future personality? By the way, the upbringing that plays such a prominent role at preschool age lays the foundations for the future personality’s greater or lesser initiative that is essential for its future fate. As for education, according to V. M. Bekhtereva, in this respect, it seems that they are more concerned with cluttering their heads with knowledge, sometimes completely unnecessary, with a more or less passive attitude to this knowledge than the development of criticism and independent thinking, which constitute the true guarantee of the future person's initiative. (According to the materials of V. M. Bekhtereva.)

The family affects the psychological and physical health of children. It plays an important, almost dominant role. It is a socio-cultural environment for the upbringing and personal development. Family upbringing should be based on certain principles, primarily on the principle of humane relations between its members. After all, the family is the most important institution for socializing society, since the child gets the first experience of communicating with the outside world in the family. And if he was not prosperous, then this will affect further mental development. And only much later in the life of a child does a school appear, a street, at a more adult age, any groups.

Families differ not only in composition (complete, incomplete, having many children, childless, etc.), but also in the nature of the relationship between family members.

Researchers identify different types of families. For example, M. I. Buyanov identifies the following types of families: harmonious, decaying, decaying and incomplete.

Another researcher Yu. P. Azarov identifies 3 types of families: ideal, medium and negative.

But most often psychologists divide families not on the basis of well-being — disadvantage, but on the basis of educational potential. G. M. Minkovsky distinguishes 10 types of families:

1) educational and strong;

2) educational and sustainable;

3) educationally unstable;

4) educationally weak. There is a loss of contact with children;

5) families with a constant conflict atmosphere;

6) families with an aggressively negative atmosphere;

7) families with alcohol, sexual demoralization;

8) criminal;

9) delinquent;

10) mentally ill.

Naturally, all adverse factors affect the development of the child's personality. In critical cases, development is inhibited, and the child does not develop at all. And all this in its totality influences the success of children in school, on their position in society, among their peers.

There are a number of reasons for improper upbringing of children in the family. EG Eidemiller

highlights the two most important:

1) mental abnormalities in parents often lead to improper upbringing and development of the child in the family. With such a deviation, there are lower requirements for the child or the dominant role of the parents, where the main factor is child abuse. Sometimes there is a contradictory style of education. In society, in the presence of people, parents show excessive care for the child, and in their absence - complete disregard. The psychologist in such cases needs to find out the cause and nature of such deviations of the parents and to trace their relationship with deviations in the upbringing and development of the child;

2) the problems of parents of a personal nature , solved by the child.

This is the most difficult for a psychologist. First of all, it is necessary to identify the personal problem of the parent. Inquiries and persuasions, as a rule, are ineffectual. In such cases, the psychologist should call for help all his professionalism. Among the above problems are the following:

1) fear of losing a child . This can be caused by difficult childbirth, long wait for the child, pain. At the same time, parents show excessive care, which is most often an annoying factor for the child;

2) the lack of understanding between the spouses is also the reason for the negative attitude towards the child. Responsibility for conflicts, quarrels between mother and father are passed on to children, which undoubtedly injures his psyche. This may also include the dissatisfaction of one spouse with the methods of educating the other;

3) projection of a teenager of his own qualities . In this case, it is necessary to make a reservation that the qualities can be both desirable and undesirable. So, one of the parents can fight with real or imaginary qualities in the child, which he does not recognize in himself. These qualities can recognize laziness, alcoholism, aggressiveness, etc. At the subconscious level, such a person struggles with these qualities in himself. Also, the desired qualities, often not realized by the parent of his childhood dream, can be projected. This is manifested in the fact that the parent imposes his point of view on the child, tries to make decisions for him;

4) the expansion of parental feelings is observed in families where the relationship between the spouses for any reason is broken: divorce, death of one of the spouses, etc. Then the parent wants the child to become something more. This is manifested in increased attention, the refusal of a child from remarriage, jealousy for friends or any other hobbies of a son or daughter, preference in a teenager of children's qualities, support for infantilism. In this case, the parents significantly reduce the requirements for the child, considering it still small. This leads to the fact that he tries not to grow up, look childish, pandering to the whims of parents;

5) educational uncertainty of parents . In this case we are talking about the dominant role of the child in the family. This may be due to the fact that when the parents were children, there was a similar picture of upbringing in their family. As a rule, a child in such families very quickly realizes that the power is in his hands, finds the weak points of the parents and uses this to achieve their goals. Parent in the background of the child looks weak and weak-willed, and that, in turn, is self-confident and sometimes even despotic.