38. South American press in the first half of the 19th century. logs of this time

The basis of the economy of the southern states at the beginning of the XIX century. was the work of three million slaves who cultivate cotton plantations. The South of the United States or, as it is often called, Dixieland, was the largest supplier of cotton to the world market, but otherwise its economy was far behind the dynamic, rapidly developing North. And although the changes associated with the industrial revolution have affected the southern states, the gap between the advanced industrial-agrarian North and the slave-owning South has steadily increased.

By the middle of the XIX, the white population of the South was 6 million, almost four times lower than the population of the North. All major industries, including paper and printing equipment, were located in the North. The communication routes of the South compared with the North also left much to be desired. The prices for newspapers here were much higher than in the North.

And yet, being included in the orbit of the rapid development of the northern states, Dixieland journalism made some progress. In 1830, there were 24 daily newspapers, and in 1860, 93 (15 — in Virginia and 11 — in Louisiana), which was about a quarter of the country's daily newspapers.

Almost not inferior to the North in the number of newspapers in proportion to the population, the South was losing heavily in circulation, as well as in the accuracy and speed of the press.

The largest city of the South in the 19th century was the commercial and industrial Baltimore. By the middle of the century, its population exceeded 200 thousand. Although the city was located on the territory of slave-owning Maryland, in fact it was to the industrial northeast of the United States. In the middle of the XIX century. in Baltimore, 6 daily newspapers were published, among which a special place was occupied by Baltimore Sun, the first mass newspaper in the South, founded in 1837 by Aruna Abel and existing to date. By 1860, its circulation was 30,000, more than in any other southern newspaper.

The second most populous city in the South was New Orleans, favorably located at the mouth of the deep Mississippi. By the middle of the century, its population exceeded 100 thousand. Many newspapers were published here, some in French.

In 1837, the second mass newspaper in the South after Baltimore Sun was created in New Orleans. Its name is “Pikayun” - it received from the Spanish coin worth 0 cents - that was the price of a new edition. High-quality newspapers were sold in the North for this money, but in the South the printed materials were more expensive. Picayune had a weekly supplement.

However, in general in the South there was not yet a wide enough audience for mass newspapers. Most of the publication was represented by high-quality press.

One of the most influential newspapers in the South has long been Richmond Incairer, which since 1804 has been led by Thomas Richie for almost 40 years. The newspaper firmly supported the Democratic Party, the heir to the ideas of Jefferson and the Republicans of the late 18th century. However, even among the unintelligible in the expressions of the journalists of the time, Richie was considered a special lover of strong wit. The main object of its thunder and lightning was the rival Virginia newspaper Richmond Vig, founded in 1824 by the Whigs who inherited the ideas of the federalists. In this capacity, Richie was so famous in the country that he “deserved” criticism of President Andrew Jackson himself.

An important role in the journalism of the South was played by Charleston Mercury by Robert Rep. As Franklin once contributed to the formation of the American nation, Rhett also set as its goal the national separation of the southerners. This goal was not at all as fantastic as it might seem at first glance: speaking the same language, Southerners and Northerners in the 19th century. they differed from each other in their way of life, in their stereotypes of thought, in psychology no less than the native Englishmen and English colonists in America in the time of Franklin. Ret-ta’s popularity in the South grew as the opponents of slavery in the North grew, and in 1851 he was elected to the Senate.

Rett’s main opponent in Charleston was Aron Wellington, publisher of the moderate Whig newspaper Courier. However, this publisher was not too keen on controversy, as he believed that the newspaper should contain as much information as possible, leaving readers with the opportunity to draw their own conclusions.

The development of southern journalism was hampered by the general backwardness of the southern states, which was a consequence of planetary slavery. This obstacle was removed by the civil war of 1861-1865.

If reading newspapers requires from a person at least simple literacy and interest in the world around them, the audience of magazines must meet higher requirements, possess at least a minimum of general culture and spiritual needs. Journalism in the United States grew and developed as the culture as a whole developed.

If in 1794 there were only five journals in the country, then by 1825 their number exceeded one hundred, and by the 1860s it reached seven hundred. From the most notable journals of the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. “American Magazine” by Matthew Carey, “Massachusetts Magazine” already mentioned by Isaiah Thomas, “American Magazine” by Noah Webster, “Port Folio” by Joseph Danny should be mentioned. In the middle of the XIX century. The most famous were the "Nicerbocker" by Lewis Clark, Atlantic Monthly by Oliver Holmes, Graham's Magazine by George Graham, Southern Peterberry Messinger, edited by renowned American writer Edgar Po, and others.

The circulation of magazines grew rapidly. If at the beginning of the century a circulation of 2000 copies was considered good, then, for example, “Grahamz Magazine” in the 1840s came out with a circulation of 30,000, and this was not a record at all. Almost all magazines were published in major cities of the Northeast. The main center of periodicals to the beginning of the XIX century. became New York.

As the daily newspaper rises, current news disappears from the magazine pages. They are completely replaced by analytical and artistic genres.

Many prominent American politicians of the XVIII century. appealed to journalism journalism. These are T. Payne, T. Jefferson, A. Hamilton, J. Jay, J. Madison and others. In the XIX century. disputes continue in the journals about the country's current problems, finance, economics, customs tariffs, the fate of the US central bank, the problem of slavery, and foreign policy. The foreign policy concept, known as the “predestination of fate,” according to which Providence itself entrusted the American mission to carry all the peoples of the New World, regardless of state borders, democratic institutions, was first formulated in the July (1845) issue of the Democratic Review by the magazine’s editor By John O'Sullivan.

By the middle of the century, the issue of slavery was increasingly raised in journalism. Opponents of slavery in 1831-1865. published the magazine "Liberator" ("The Liberator"), specifically dedicated to the struggle for the freedom of slaves.

Art genres are increasingly taking over their rights in the magazine pages. If in the XVIII century. foreign, mostly English, authors were published, then in the XIX century. America could boast of its own, popular literature. Some writers like Edgar Poe, Beecher Stowe, Mark Twain, Fenimore Cooper gained world fame.

The appearance of a mass audience influenced the content of magazines. In search of an approach to a new reader, publishers offered him light humorous works, sentimental stories. There are new literary genres - detective and western. As literature and theater develop, a genre of literary and theatrical reviews emerges.

In the XIX century. in the general journal mass began to stand out directions. From this time we can talk about the types of journal periodicals.

The forerunner of modern digests was created in 1850 by the Harper book publishing house and edited by the aforementioned Henry Raymond magazine Harpers Monthly. This magazine published the first works of Mark Twain. Circulation reached 50 thousand.

Among women’s journals, it should be noted “Godiz Lediz Buk” (1830–1877), specializing in sentimental love stories, promoting the emancipation of women and, of course, fashion. The journalist was Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. The success of the publication was largely determined by the outstanding abilities of its editor, Sarah Hale, the first woman to occupy such a responsible position. Sarah Hale abruptly retired in 1877, when Godiz Ladies Book was at the zenith of popularity (circulation is 150,000). Perhaps this was the reason for the subsequent decline of the magazine.

In 1829, the first sports magazine “Americas Turf Register” was created in Baltimore.

Thus, in the second half of the XIX century. The United States entered with the established system of journals and a fairly broad journalistic audience.