23. British press at 19 in

The result of the industrial revolution was the rapid growth of the middle class, to the tastes and interests of which the British press was largely oriented. A significant phenomenon in English journalism in the first half of the nineteenth century was the Chartist press (the interests of the workers). London newspapers received half of their income from advertisements. The circle of readers of the press in England in the first half of the XIX century was narrower than, for example, in France or the USA, since the British periodicals were very expensive. The reason for the high cost were numerous and high taxes. Only in the middle of the XIX century after their cancellation cheap daily newspapers appeared. At the same time, a new impetus was given to the development of the provincial press. In England, there were political parties and individual politicians who sought to manipulate the press, use it to promote their programs and implement political projects.
The most important themes of the English press in the middle of the XIX century were the colonial policy of England in the 1850s-1860s (colonial seizures in Asia, China, Africa, Australia, New Zealand) and the position of the British government towards the North-South Civil War in the United States. In 1851, the first British Reuters news agency was founded in London, which soon became a telegraph news agency. In 1866, a cable was laid along the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, which connected Britain via telegraphic communication with the Americas. In 1870, the Gladson Act was passed, according to which primary education in the UK became universal. In 1890 a special School of Journalism was founded in London.