Lecture
Это окончание невероятной информации про деятельность.
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that have been duplicated in the lower level ring. It has been noted that it has received its own “receptor”, since it’s received. Fig. 5.5).
The process outlined above . The background levels takes place.
As a result, the leading level is partially
rice 5.5. Background levels
or completely relieved of concern for this movement. It has been noted that there has been a number of ways to complete the recruitment process.
It has been already ready to make motor blocks.
(functional systems) that were formed earlier for other reasons. Therefore, if, when mastering a new movement, the organism establishes the need for a certain type of transcripts (already available to it), then sometimes it literally searches and finds them in its "dictionary". Bernstein called this dictionary "the music library". Moreover, “phono” was understood not to mean sound, but precisely the background against which motor processes unfold. He believed that each organism has its own "music library", that is, a set of backgrounds, on the volume of which its motor capabilities and even abilities depend (Fig. 5.5).
An interesting fact is that the necessary block can be extracted from a movement that is completely different from the mastered one. For example, when learning to ride a two-wheeled bicycle, ice skating is very useful because both types of movement have the same internal elements.
In the last, third, period, the final refinement of the skill takes place due to stabilization and standardization. Stabilization is understood to mean the achievement of such a level of performance of the movement at which it acquires high strength and noise immunity, that is, it is not destroyed under any circumstances.
In turn, standardization refers to the acquisition of stereotyped skills. During this period, with repeated repetition of the movement, a series of absolutely identical copies is obtained, resembling, in Bernstein's words, "guardsmen in the ranks."
It should be noted that stereotype in addition to automation is provided by a mechanism for the use of reactive and inertial forces. When the movement is carried out at a fast pace, reactive and inertial forces arise. Their influence can be twofold: they can interfere with the movement or, if the body learns to use them effectively, contribute to the movement. Therefore, stability is achieved by finding a dynamically stable trajectory. Dynamically stable trajectory - this is a special, unique line, when moving along which develop mechanical forces that contribute to the continuation of movement in a selected direction, making the movement becomes light, easy and stereotyped. According to Bernstein, after the formation of a dynamically stable trajectory, the formation of a skill is completed.
The concept of the activity principle developed by Bernstein is closely related to the above motion theory. The essence of the principle of activity is the postulation of the decisive role of the internal program in the acts of vital activity of the organism. The principle of activity is opposed to the principle of reactivity, according to which an act - movement, action - is determined by an external stimulus,
Consider several aspects of the principle of activity: specifically, physiological, general biological and philosophical. In concrete physiological terms, the principle of activity is inextricably linked with the discovery of the principle of reflex ring motion control. You already know that a central program is a necessary condition for the functioning of a reflex ring. Without a central program and control device, the reflex ring will not function, movement will be carried out along a reflex arc, but along a reflex arc, it has been established that it is expedient and
purposeful movement can not be done. If we assume that the central program is represented in the body as a mechanism for the realization of activity, then it is necessary to conclude that the principle of activity in concrete physiological terms and the recognition of the mechanism of ring motion control are strongly linked theoretical postulates. Thus, the following logical conclusion suggests itself: the movement of a person is the result of the manifestation of its activity.
However, if you do not agree with the second conclusion, then you can ask the question: is the nature of all movements active and does the reactivity not manifest in movement? Of course not. There are a huge number of movements or motor acts that have a reactive nature, such as blinking or sneezing. In these examples, movement is caused by a specific stimulus. But if so, then how to combine the activity and reactivity in the movement of a person?
Answering this question, Bernstein proposes to place all the movements of the animal and man along an imaginary axis. Then, unconditioned reflexes, such as sneezing or blinking, as well as conditioned reflexes formed during life, such as saliva from a dog to a bell, will turn out to be at one pole. These movements are really triggered by the stimulus and are determined by its content.
At the other extreme, this imaginary axis will be movements and acts for which the launch initiative and content, i.e. the program, are set from the inside of the organism. These are the so-called arbitrary acts.
Between these poles there is also an intermediate link, which consists of movements that are activated by an external stimulus, but not as rigidly as the reflexes associated with them in content. These responses to stimulus movements have differ
ent manifestations. For example, in response to a blow, you respond with a blow or “turn the other cheek.” In these motor acts, the stimulus does not lead to movement, but rather to decision-making, that is, it plays the role of a trigger mechanism - it initiates movement.
Thus, answering the question posed, we can assert that there are both jet movements and active ones. However, having arranged all movements along an imaginary axis, we did not say what axis it was. This axis can be characterized as the axis of activity. In this case, unconditioned-reflex reactions can be considered as acts with zero activity, and voluntary motor acts as active movement.
Meanwhile, if you do not agree with these arguments about the active nature of the movements, you can ask even a more subtle question. When the reflex ring is functioning, the comparison unit receives a signal from two levels at once: from the external environment and from the program. And these two streams occupy a symmetrical position, as it were. Therefore, the question arises: why do we need to give preference to program signals rather than signals from the external environment, which act on the reactive principle?
The question is quite fair. But in practice it turns out that these signals are not symmetrical. Signals of the program are far ahead of signals from the external environment. So, during the experiment, the essence of which was the need for the subject to read the text while recording voice and eye position,
it was found that there is a mismatch between what word the subject utters and what word he looks at. The subject's gaze is ahead of the spoken words. Consequently, the signals emanating from the program (active) and coming from the external environment (reactive) are functionally asymmetrical in the sense that the former are ahead of the latter. But asymmetry has another, more important aspect. As shown by Bernstein, active signals provide essential motion parameters, and reactive - insignificant, technical details of motion.
There is one more confirmation of the priority role of activity in the formation of movement. This confirmation is in our ideas about the stimulus. We are accustomed to the fact that once the stimulus has occurred, then the reaction should follow. But a person is constantly affected by a very large number of stimuli, and the motor reaction is manifested only in relation to only some of them. Why? Because the subject himself chooses the appropriate incentives. For example, we need to write a letter, and we take a pen in sight, but we take it in hand, not because it caught our eye, but because we need to write a letter.
We now turn to the general biological aspects of the principle of activity and ask ourselves the question: Is there evidence at the general biological level of the existence of the principle of activity? Bernstein answers this question positively.
Thus, the processes of development of the organism from the germ cell can be understood as the processes of implementing the genetic program. The same happens with the regeneration of lost organs or tissues. Of course, external factors influence these processes, but it manifests itself in relation to non-essential features. For example, a birch grown in the northern regions or in a swamp will have certain external differences from middle-birch trees or grown on fertile soil, but still it will be birch, despite the fact that its trunk size and leaf shape will differ somewhat. Thus, the influence of the external environment, i.e., reactive processes, take place, but they determine the variation of non-essential features.
It is also necessary to dwell on the philosophical aspects of the problem of activity. One of the central questions of philosophy is the question of what life and livelihoods are. As a rule, this question is answered that livelihood is a process of continuous adaptation to the environment. According to Bernstein, the main thing that makes up the content of the life process is not the adaptation to the environment, but the implementation of internal programs. During this implementation, the body inevitably overcomes various obstacles. The adaptation also occurs, but this event is less significant.
However, this statement may have a double interpretation. The problem is what is considered a source of activity: the phenomena of the ideal plan or material phenomena. Bernstein believed that the manifestation of activity has a material nature, and the development of the organism is due to the material code. This point of view corresponds to the ideas of materialistic philosophy on the nature of activity as a special feature of living nature.
In conclusion, attention should be paid to the importance of Bernstein's theory for psychology. Thanks to this theory, psychology has been confirmed
vediny principle of activity on the part of physiology, and therefore, the truth of the psychological theory of activity. Based on the results of Bernstein's research, we can assume that it is the psyche that is one of the sources of human activity, that activity is a property inherent in every person and manifested not only at the physiological, but also at the mental and social levels.
Часть 1 5. Psychological theory of activity
Часть 2 test questions - 5. Psychological theory of activity
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General psychology
Terms: General psychology