Это окончание невероятной информации про ощущение.

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applied to the skin of the forearm of the subjects, who were sitting with their eyes closed: circles, triangles, rhombuses, stars, figures of people, animals, etc. However, they were all perceived as circles. Only slightly better were the results when these figures were applied to a fixed palm. But it was enough to allow the subjects to feel the shapes, as they immediately accurately determine their shape.

To touch, that is, a combination of skin and motor sensations, we are obliged to be able to evaluate such properties of objects as hardness, softness, smoothness, roughness. For example, the feeling of hardness mainly depends on the resistance that the body exerts when pressure is applied to it, and we judge this by the degree of muscle tension. Therefore, it is impossible to determine the hardness or softness of the object without the participation of sensations of movement.

In conclusion, you should draw your attention to the fact that almost all types of sensations are interconnected with each other. Through this interaction, we get the most complete information about the world around us. However, this information is limited only to information about the properties of objects. The holistic image of the subject as a whole is due to perception.

Ii. Physiological basis of sensations

The physiological basis of sensations is the activity of complex complexes of anatomical structures, called by I. P. Pavlov analyzers. Analyzer - anatomical and physiological apparatus for receiving influences from external and internal environments and processing them into sensations. Each analyzer consists of three parts:

1) a peripheral section called a receptor (the receptor is the sensory part of the analyzer, a specialized nerve ending, its main function is the transformation of external energy into a nervous process);

2) conducting nerve pathways (afferent section - transmits excitation to the central section; efferent section - the response is transmitted from the center to the periphery);

3) the core of the analyzer - the cortical parts of the analyzer (they are also called the central parts of the analyzers), in which the processing of nerve impulses coming from the peripheral parts takes place. ... certain receptors correspond to certain areas of the cortex.

Thus, the sensory organ is the central part of the analyzer.

Iii. Conditions of sensation

For the emergence of sensation requires the existence of 5 conditions for the emergence of sensations : 1) receptors; 2) analyzer core (in the cerebral cortex); 3) paths (with the directions of the flow of pulses); 4) source of irritation; 5) environment or energy (from source to subject).

Iv. Classification of sensations (types of sensations)

1. Interoceptive sensations that signal the state of the body's internal processes arise due to receptors located on the walls of the stomach and intestines, the heart and circulatory system, and other internal organs.

2. Proprioceptive sensations. Peripheral receptors for proprioceptive sensitivity are found in muscles and joints (tendons, ligaments) and are called Paccini bodies . The peripheral receptors of the sense of balance are located in the semicircular canals of the inner ear.

3. E xteroceptive sensations are conditionally divided into two subgroups: contact and distant sensations.

1) Contact sensations are caused by the direct influence of an object on the senses. Examples of contact sensations are taste and touch.

2) Distant sensations reflect the qualities of objects at some distance from the senses. These sensations include hearing and sight. It should be noted that the sense of smell, according to many authors, occupies an intermediate position between contact and distant sensations.

The sensation of vibration is sensitivity to the collars caused by a moving body. According to most researchers, the vibration sense is an intermediate, transitional form between tactile and auditory sensitivity.

V. The basic properties of sensations

1. Q. A quality is a property that characterizes the basic information displayed by a given sensation, distinguishing it from other types of sensations and varying within the limits of a given type of sensations.

2. Intensity is a quantitative characteristic and depends on the strength of the acting stimulus and the functional state of the receptor, which determines the degree of readiness of the receptor to perform its functions. For example, with a cold, the intensity of perceived odors may be distorted.

3. Duration is a temporary characteristic of the sensation that has arisen. It is also determined by the functional state of the sense organ, but mainly by the duration of the stimulus and its intensity.

4. The localization of the stimulus — an analysis performed by the receptors gives us information about the location of the stimulus in space, i.e. we can tell where the light is coming from, the heat is flowing, or which part of the body is affected by the stimulus;

5. And the absolute and relative thresholds of sensations are quantitative parameters of the basic characteristics of sensations, in other words, the degree of sensitivity. The human senses are surprisingly subtle devices. For example, the human eye is a very sensitive device. He can distinguish about half a million shades and colors.

Vi. Thresholds of sensitivity.

There are two types of sensitivity: a) absolute sensitivity; b) sensitivity to difference. By absolute sensitivity is meant the ability to sense weak stimuli , and by sensitivity to difference , the ability to sense weak differences between stimuli. However, not all irritation causes sensation. In order for a sensation to arise, the strength of the irritation must have a certain amount. The minimum magnitude of the stimulus at which sensation first appears is called the absolute sensation threshold . Irritants, the strength of which is below the absolute threshold of sensation, do not give sensations, but this does not mean that they have no effect on the body. Thus, studies of the Russian physiologist G. V. Gershuni and his staff have shown that sound stimuli that lie below the sensation threshold can cause a change in the electrical activity of the brain and the expansion of the pupil. Irritants that do not cause sensations are called subliminal .

The magnitude of the stimulus at which the sensation begins, Fechner called the absolute lower threshold. The upper absolute threshold of sensitivity is called the maximum strength of the stimulus , at which sensation is still adequate. A further increase in the strength of the stimuli acting on our receptors causes only painful sensations in them. The upper absolute threshold is sometimes called the pain threshold . Absolute thresholds - upper and lower - define the boundaries accessible to our perception of the world .

Sensory adaptation is a change in sensitivity that occurs as a result of the adaptation of the sense organ to the stimuli acting on it. As a rule, adaptation is expressed in that when sufficiently strong (or long-acting) stimuli are acting on the senses, the sensitivity decreases (for example, with a glove on the hand), and when the stimuli are weak or in the absence of an irritant, the sensitivity increases.

Especially quickly and easily a person adapts to the smell. Worst of all, a person adapts to pain, because pain protects the body from destruction.

Thus, we can distinguish the following types of adaptation :

- the complete disappearance of sensation in the process of prolonged action of the stimulus;

- dullness of sensation under the influence of a strong stimulus;

- sensitivity increase under the influence of a weak stimulus.

Sensitization resulting from the interaction of analyzers and training (exercises) is called sensitization . Studies have shown that the sensitivity of the sensory organs increases with age, reaching a maximum by the age of 20-30, and then gradually decreases.

VII. The concept of representative systems

Visual type All perceived information is presented to this type of people in the form of bright pictures, visual images, telling something, these people often gesticulate, as if they are drawing in the air the represented images. In conversation, they often use the phrases: "Here, look ...", "Let's imagine ...", "I clearly see that ...", "The solution is already emerging ..." At the time of recall, these people look as if straight ahead, up, left up or right up.

Audio type These people use *** the following words: "I hear what you say," "Then the bell sounded," "I am in tune with this," "Listen here ...", "It sounds like this ..." and pr. What a person of this type remembers is, as it were, spoken to him in his inner voice, or he hears a speech, the words of another. In memory, the gaze is turned right, left or left down.

Kinesthetic type . These people remember the sensations and movements well. Remembering, these people, as it were, first recreate, repeat the movements and sensations of the body. Remembering, they look down or right down. In conversation, they mostly use kinesthetic words: “to take, grab, feel, heavy”, “I feel that ...”, “I find it difficult”, “I can’t grasp the thought ...”, etc.

Naturally, each person has all kinds of recollection, but one of the three systems for providing information to the consciousness is usually better developed than the others. When remembering images, a person usually relies on a more developed, leading one.

The leading sensory (representative) system of a person exerts its influence on the compatibility and effectiveness of communication with other people . To establish effective interaction with a person, it is better to use the same procedural words as he. If it is required to establish a distance, then you can intentionally use *** words from a different system of ideas, different from the system of the interlocutor. One of the factors of a lack of understanding by people of each other is the mismatch of the leading sensory (representative) systems. Pronounced visuals, kinesthetics, audials have their own specific characteristics in behavior and movements, in speech, breathing, etc.

Sensation disturbance

Sensory hypopathy - a violation of sensitivity, which is expressed in a sharp change in the thresholds of sensations, while both strong and weak stimuli cause equally weak sensations.

Sensory hyperpathy is a sharp increase in the intensity of sensations when exposed to weak stimuli.

Paresthesia is a disorder in which sensations appear in the form of numbness, crawling, chills, and tingling in the absence of real stimuli.

test questions

1. What is “sensation”? What are the main characteristics of this mental process?

2. What is the physiological mechanism of sensations? What is an analyzer?

3. What is the reflex nature of sensations?

4. What concepts and theories of sensations do you know?

5. How do you know the classification of sensations?

6. What is the “modality of sensations”?

7. Describe the main types of sensations.

8. Tell us about the basic properties of sensations.

9. What do you know about the absolute and relative thresholds of sensations?

10. Tell about the basic psychophysical law. What do you know about the Weber constant?

11. Tell us about sensory adaptation.

12. What is sensitization?

13. What do you know about skin sensations?

14. Tell us about the physiological mechanisms of visual sensations. What do you know the theory of color vision?

15. Tell us about the auditory sensations. What do you know about resonance theory of hearing?

Recommended literature

1. Ananiev B. G. On the problems of modern human knowledge / USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Psychology. - M .: Science, 1977.

2. Vekker L.M. Mental processes: In 3 tons. T. 1. - L .: Izd-vo LSU, 1974.

3. Vygotsky L. S. Collected Works: In 6 t. T. 2 .: Problems of general psychology / Ch. ed. A.V. Zaporozhets. - M .: Pedagogy, 1982.

4. Gelfand S. A. Hearing. Introduction to psychological and physiological acoustics. - M., 1984.

5. Zabrodin Yu. M., Lebedev A. N. Psychophysiology and psychophysics. - M .: Science, 1977.

6. Zaporozhets A.V. Selected psychological works: In 2 tons. T. 1: Mental development of a child / Ed. V.V. Davydova, V.P. Zinchenko. - M .: Pedagogy, 1986.

7. Krylova A. L. Functional organization of the auditory system: Textbook. - M .: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1985.

8. Lindsay P., Norman D. Processing information in humans: Introduction to psychology / Trans. from English by ed. A.R. Luria. - M .: Mir, 1974.

9. Luria A.R. Sensations and Perceptions. - M .: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1975.

10. LeontievA. N. Activity. Consciousness. Personality. —2nd ed. - M .: Politizdat, 1977.

11. Neisser U. Cognition and reality: The meaning and principles of cognitive psychology / Trans. from English under total ed. B. M. Velichkovsky. - M .: Progress, 1981.

12. Silent R.S. Psychology: Textbook for students. higher ped. studies. Institutions: In 3 kN. Prince one:

General principles of psychology. - 2nd ed. - M .: Vlados 1998.

13. General psychology: Course of lectures / Comp. E.I. Horns. - M .: Vlados, 1995.

14. Rubinstein S. L. Fundamentals of general psychology. - SPb .: Peter, 1999.

15. Fresse P., Piaget J. Experimental Psychology / Coll. articles. Per. from fr .:

Issue 6. - M .: Progress, 1978.

Продолжение:

Часть 1 7. Sensation-Mental processes
Часть 2 7.4. Sensory adaptation and interaction of sensations - 7. Sensation-Mental
Часть 3 Iii. Conditions of sensation - 7. Sensation-Mental processes