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Operators for executing external commands in PHP

Lecture



PHP supports one statement of execution: backquotes (``). Note that these are not single quotes. PHP tries to execute a string enclosed in back quotes as a console command, and returns the output (i.e., it is not just issued at the output, but, for example, can be assigned to a variable). Using backquotes is similar to using shell_exec () .

<?php
$output = `ls -al`;
echo "<pre>$output</pre>";
?>

Note: back quotes are not available if the safe mode is set or the shell_exec () function is disabled .

See also: functions for executing programs, popen () proc_open () .

created: 2016-01-25
updated: 2026-03-10
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