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test questions - 16. Mental processes . Emotions

Lecture



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fairly high level of control over their behavior. Closely related to this is the development of moral feelings, for example, children at this age already experience a feeling of shame when adults reproach them for their misdeeds.

It should be noted that children quite early reveal the beginnings of another very complex feeling - aesthetic. One of its first manifestations should be considered the pleasure that children experience when listening to music. At the end of the first year, children may also like certain things. This is especially often manifested in relation to toys and the child's personal belongings. Of course, children's understanding of beauty is of a peculiar nature. Children are most captivated by the brightness of colors. For example, of the four images of a horse presented to the senior group of the kindergarten: a) as a schematic sketch with strokes, b) as a blackened silhouette, c) as a realistic drawing and, finally, d) as a bright red horse with green hooves and a mane - the children liked the last image the most.

The source of development of aesthetic feelings are drawing, singing, music, visiting art galleries, theaters, concerts, cinema. but

Preschoolers and primary school students in some cases are not yet able to properly evaluate works of art. For example, in painting, they often pay attention mainly to the content of the picture and less to the artistic execution. In music, they like loud sound with a fast tempo and rhythm more than the harmony of the melody. A true understanding of the beauty of art comes to children only in senior classes.

With the transition of children to school, with the expansion of their range of knowledge and life experience, the child's feelings change significantly from the qualitative side. The ability to control one's behavior and restrain oneself leads to a more stable and calmer flow of emotions. A child of primary school age is no longer able to

and they signal to a person how the process of satisfying his needs is going, what obstacles he encounters on his way, what he should pay attention to first of all, etc.

The evaluative, or reflective, function of emotions and feelings is directly connected with the incentive, or stimulating, function. For example, in a traffic situation, a person, experiencing fear of an approaching car, accelerates his movement across the road. S. L. Rubinstein pointed out that "... emotion in itself contains an attraction, desire, aspiration directed towards an object or about it"*. Thus, emotions and feelings help to determine the direction of the search, as a result of which the satisfaction of the need that has arisen is achieved or the task facing the person is solved.

Rubinstein S. L. Problems of General Psychology. - M.: Pedagogy, 1976 .

The next, specifically human function of feelings is that feelings take the most direct part in learning, i.e. they perform a reinforcing function. Significant events that cause a strong emotional reaction are imprinted in memory faster and for a long time. Emotions of success-failure have the ability to instill love or forever extinguish it in relation to the type of activity in which a person is engaged, i.e. emotions influence the nature of a person's motivation in relation to the activity he performs.

The switching function of emotions is especially clearly revealed in the competition of motives, as a result of which the dominant need is determined. So, there may be a contradiction between the natural instinct of self-preservation for a person and the social need to follow a certain ethical standard, which, in fact, is realized in the struggle between fear and a sense of duty, fear and shame. The attractiveness of the motive, its proximity to personal attitudes directs human activity in one direction or another.

16. Mental processes . Emotions

Another function of emotions and feelings is adaptive. According to Charles Darwin, emotions arose as a means by which living beings establish the significance of certain conditions for satisfying their urgent needs. Thanks to the feeling that has arisen in time, the body is able to effectively adapt to the surrounding conditions.

There is also a communicative function of feelings. Mimic and pantomimic movements allow a person to transfer his experiences to other people, to inform them about his attitude to objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality. Mimicry, gestures, postures, expressive sighs, changes in intonation are the “language of human feelings”, a means of communicating not so much thoughts as emotions (Fig. 16.4). Studies have shown that not all manifestations of feelings are equally easy to recognize. The most easily recognized horror (57% of subjects), then disgust (48%) and surprise (34%).

In the framework of the communicative function can be identified and others. Feelings, for example, can carry the function of influencing others. So, children very quickly notice that their emotional reactions associated with physical illness, have a great power of influence on others. A five-year-old child quite consciously says that he will cry until the parents fulfill his wish,

It should be noted that if, comparing the emotions of different people, caused by the same

Fig. 16.1 The external expression of emotions (A - pleasure, B - restraint, C - chagrin)

object, it is possible to detect a certain similarity, then other emotional manifestations in people are strictly individual. A variety of emotional manifestations is expressed primarily in the prevailing mood of people. Under the influence of living conditions and depending on the attitude towards them in some people, a heightened, vigorous, cheerful mood prevails; others have a low, depressed, sad; in the third - capricious, irritable, etc.

Significant individual differences are also observed in people's emotional excitability. There are people who are emotionally little sensitive, in which only any extraordinary events cause pronounced emotions. Such people feel not so much when they have fallen into one or another life situation, as they are aware of it with their mind. There is another category of people - emotionally excitable, in whom the smallest trifle can cause strong emotions. Even an unimportant event causes their mood to rise or fall.

Among people there are significant differences in the depth and stability of feelings. Some people capture the feelings entirely, leaving a deep imprint. In other people, feelings are superficial, flow easily, hardly noticeable, pass quickly and completely without a trace. Signs of affects and passions are noticeably different in people. In this regard, it is possible to distinguish unbalanced people who easily lose control over themselves and their behavior, who are prone to easily succumb to affects and passions, for example, unbridled anger, panic, excitement. Other people, on the contrary, are always balanced, completely control themselves, consciously control their behavior.

One of the most significant differences between people lies in how feelings and emotions affect their activities. So, in some people, feelings are effective, they encourage action, in others everything is limited to the feeling itself, which does not cause any changes in behavior. In the most striking form, the passivity of feelings is expressed in the sentimentality of a person. Such people are usually prone to emotional experiences, but the feelings that they have do not affect their behavior.

It should be noted that the existing differences in the manifestation of emotions and feelings largely determine the uniqueness of a particular person, that is, determine his individuality,

Disruption of emotional reactions .

Physiological affect is a state of pronounced affect (anger), not accompanied by stupefaction, but only a possible narrowing of the range of ideas focusing on events related to the resulting affect; the episode does not end with sleep, severe psychophysical exhaustion and amnesia. In this state, they often commit unlawful acts. These persons are recognized as sane, in contrast to those who suffered a pathological affect.

Pathological affect is a short-term mental disorder with aggressive behavior and irritable and malicious mood against the background of twilight stupefaction. This condition arises in response to an intense, sudden mental trauma and is expressed by a concentration of consciousness on traumatic experiences followed by affective discharge, followed by general relaxation, indifference and, often, deep sleep. It is characterized by partial or complete amnesia. Persons committing offenses in this state are recognized as irredeemable.

Disorders of emotional states and properties.

Violation of the severity (strength) of emotions .

  1. Sensitivity (emotional hyperesthesia) - increased emotional sensitivity, vulnerability. It may be an innate personality trait, especially pronounced with psychopathies.

  2. Emotional coldness is an increase in the intensity of emotions in the form of an even, cold attitude to all events, regardless of their emotional significance. Detected in psychopaths, with schizophrenia.

  3. Emotional dullness - weakness, impoverishment of emotional manifestations and contacts, impoverishment of feelings, reaching to indifference. Occurs as part of a schizophrenic defect.

  4. Apathy is indifference, the complete absence of feelings, in which no desires and impulses arise. Often there is a sensual dulling, in which emotions become dull, poor. The predominant emotion of patients is indifference. It occurs in schizophrenia (defect) and gross organic brain lesions, and can also be a leading manifestation of the depressive syndrome.

Apathy , as a manifestation of depression, is often characterized by a feeling of indifference with a narrowing of interests, or their complete disappearance, reduction or loss of desires, motives and needs, patients talk about boredom, laziness, lack of will, mental lethargy, lack of initiative, which is painfully experienced (not depressive apathy is not perceived by patients as something painful and, therefore, does not cause complaints).

Violation of the adequacy of emotions

  1. Emotional ambivalence - the simultaneous coexistence of antagonistic emotions, causing inconsistent thinking and inadequate behavior. Symptom occurring in schizophrenia.

  2. Emotional inadequacy - the emergence of an emotion that does not correspond qualitatively, meaningfully to its stimulus, the pardoxality of emotions (a patient with a sad face tells about pleasant impressions). Also found in schizophrenia.

Impaired emotion stability .

  1. Emotional lability is a pathologically unstable mood, which is easily reversed due to changes in the situation. Pathologically unstable mood is characteristic of asthenic syndrome, in addition, it can occur in the framework of emotional-volitional disorders in the pathology of the personality.

  2. Explosiveness - increased emotional excitability, in which the experience of annoyance, anger, even rage, with aggressive actions easily arises. May occur for a minor occasion. Explosiveness is characteristic of emotional-volitional disorders in the case of personality pathology, organic (traumatic) lesions of the brain.

  3. Weak - mindedness is a state of easily fluctuating mood on the insignificant reason from tearfulness to sentimentality with emotion. May be accompanied by moodiness, irritability, fatigue. Observed with vascular lesion of the brain, with somatogenic asthenia.

Mood disorders.

Pathologically elevated mood.

  1. Hyperthymia is a painfully heightened mood, accompanied by a feeling of joy, strength, energy boost (“gaiety, splattering over the edge”), drastically reducing the depth and focus of cognitive processes. Hyperthymia is the main symptom of manic syndromes.

  2. Euphoria - a painfully heightened mood, accompanied by a feeling of pleasure, comfort, well-being, relaxation, interferes with cognitive processes. Euphoria occurs during intoxication (infectious, alcoholic, etc.).

  3. Moria - cheerful excitement with foolishness, childishness, clowning, a penchant for flat and rude jokes; always accompanied by symptoms of intellectual decline. with global dementia.

  4. Ecstasy is hyperthymia with a predominance of delight, even frenzied admiration, a sense of enlightenment, illumination. Often combined with confusion, catatonic manifestations, oneiric stupefaction.

Pathologically low mood.

  1. Hypothesis is a painfully low mood, experienced as sadness, sadness, depression, depression, depression, grief, cramping, hopelessness, accompanied by a feeling of physical aggression, passivity, helplessness, suicidal thoughts and actions. This type of mood disorder is characteristic of depressive syndromes.

2) Dysphoria - painfully low mood, accompanied by irritable, sad, spiteful, gloomy feeling. Arises and ends suddenly. May last for hours or days. During dysphoria, patients are prone to aggressive actions. Dysphoria, mainly, is observed in patients with unfavorable current epilepsy, with traumatic and other organic brain lesions.

3) Anxiety - hypothymia combined with the expectation of unhappiness and a sense of internal tension, internal agitation, anxiety, tension, a feeling of anxious waiting for the coming trouble, despair, fear for the fate of relatives. Sometimes anxiety is felt bodily with a vital tinge, like an itch, internal tremor. Often combined with motor (psychomotor) arousal. As a pathological state, anxiety is irrational and caused by painful mental experiences, and not by real events (“something in the world should happen,” the patient tries, for example, to explain his anxiety). It occurs in many acute psychosis (acute paranoid psychosis, stupefaction syndromes), with depression (anxious depression). Anxious coloring of experiences is characteristic of psychopathological states in old age. When neuroses (anxiety disorders) anxiety is less pronounced, there is no pronounced psychomotor agitation and is accompanied by abundant vegetative manifestations (vegetative anxiety).

4) Fear , as a pathological condition - the experience of immediate danger, with a sense of immediate threat to life, well-being, caused by a painful mental state without a real reason. Subjectively hard to carry. It is found both in the framework of acute psychosis (delusional psychosis, mind confusion) and in neuroses of obsessive states within the framework of phobias (described above).

Syndromes associated with emotion disorders.

1.Dressive syndrome.

Depression is one of the most common disorders found in both psychiatric and general physical practice (3-6% in the population).

The basis of the depressive syndrome is a depressive triad , including: a) a painful low mood , b) ideatorial and c ) psychomotor disturbances in the form of general inhibition (although in principle their character depends on the nature of the lowered mood).

Painfully low mood is a structurally heterogeneous formation.

There are 3 main components of the emotional component of the depressive syndrome: melancholy , anxious and apathetic . They are in a dynamic relationship with each other, but, as a rule, one of them prevails at a certain period of time or in some cases.

The daily rhythm of depressive disorders is quite typical. Sadness and apathy usually reach maximum severity in the morning hours, anxiety is more variable and often aggravates *** in the evening.

In general, ideator disorders in a depressive syndrome are characterized by a certain fixation of experiences on a certain topic, a narrowing of the volume of free associations and a change in their pace (usually slowing down). In some severe cases, it is so difficult to understand the situation, impaired memory and attention, which resembles a picture of dementia. Depending on the nature of the low mood, there are also some features of ideator disorders (see below).

Psychomotor depressive disorders, to an even greater degree than ideator ones, are associated with the dominant mood, which is especially clearly seen in expression. General behavioral and volitional activity, most often, has a tendency to decrease (hypobulia).

Along with the main “triadic” signs, the structure of the depressive syndrome includes psychopathological phenomena closely associated with the actual emotional disorders.

Somatopsychic and somatovegetative disorders occupy one of the first places in the frequency of occurrence in the picture of depression. According to their clinical manifestations, they are diverse, changeable and closely related to the leading hypothetical state. They can act as the first signs of a beginning depression or, with insufficient hypothymia, play the role of so-called somatic equivalents. A depressive syndrome includes a variety of somatoneurological disorders , the main manifestation of which (especially in the acute period) is the so-called. Protopopov's triad : tachycardia, mydriasis, constipation , which essentially indicates a violation of the activity of the autonomic nervous system in the form of sympathicotonia . Somatic manifestations of depression are also amenorrhea, weight loss, dyspepsia, algia, etc.

A significant place in the structure of depression can be occupied by depressive depersonalization , the main manifestation of which should be considered “painful mental anesthesia”, experienced as “mournful insensitivity”, “feeling of loss of feelings”, impoverishment, and impairment of emotional life. The most common and, as a rule, the most significant for patients are the experiences of the loss of natural feelings to loved ones. There is also a sense of loss: an emotional attitude to the environment in general with indifference to work, to activity, to entertainment; the ability to rejoice ( anhedonia) , responsiveness to sad events, the ability to compassion, etc. Especially painful experiences of oppression of "vital emotions": feelings of hunger, thirst, satiety and pleasure when eating, sexual satisfaction, feelings of physical comfort, "muscle joy" fatigue during physical exertion, the natural negative emotional tone of pain. Often there are experiences: loss of feelings of sleep, “impersonality”, “feeling of lack of thoughts”, “speech without thoughts”, “detachment” in communication, “soullessness”, etc. The greatest representation of such kind of depersonalization is usually associated with moderate depth depressions .

One of the characteristic signs of the depressions are ideas of valuelessness and self-incrimination . Depending on the severity and the clinical variant of depression, they can manifest themselves in the form of: a) psychologically understandable experiences of low self-esteem and low-value ideas that may not be persistent, changeable, more often depend on the situation, b) supervaluable ideas variability, loss of a direct connection with the situation, c) delusions. In terms of content, these may be ideas of low value, self-deprecation, self-accusation, sinfulness, hypochondria, etc.

Important in the diagnosis of depression can have a variety of sleep disorders, the nature of which is closely related to the nature of hypothymia. With anguish - shortening sleep, early awakening, feeling of incomplete "wakefulness" in the morning. When anxiety - difficult to fall asleep, insomnia, combined with frequent awakenings in the middle of the night. When apathy - increased drowsiness, superficial night sleep.

Impairment disorders are also characteristic of the depressive syndrome disorder. Manifestations depend on leading affect. Так например при тоскливом и апатическом аффекте отмечается угнетение аппетита( часто в совокупности с отвращением к пище или отсутсвием вкусовых ощущений), полового влечения ( вплоть до полного угнетения). При тревожном же состянии, напротив, может иметь место усиление влечений.

Особо следует остановиться на суицидальных проявлениях при депрессии.

По последним сводкам ВОЗ суициды (самоубийства), как причина смерти, занимает одно из первых мест наряду с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, онкологическими болезнями и несчастными случаями при ДТП. Одной из частых причин совершения суицида являются депрессии ( до 15% депрессий завершаются суицидом).

Suicidal tendencies in depression have different degrees of development, persistence and intensity depending on the nature of the depression. The risk of suicide is higher in cases of mild and moderate depressions, “open” to the influence of environmental influences and personal attitudes of patients, in the early morning hours, at the beginning and end of the depressive phase. Motives caused by real conflicts, experiences of one’s own change, depressive depersonalization, and a sense of mental pain prevail. In deep depressions, delusional ideas of guilt and hypochondriacal megalomaniac delirium (Cotard’s syndrome) are suicidogenic. At the height of the development of the depressive state, impulsive suicides are possible. Suicidal attempts are more often committed with an anxious-melancholy affect, at the initial stages of the development of depressive phases, in patients with asthenic, sensitive and hysterical personality traits in the premorbid period. Depressive states can manifest themselves in varying degrees - from mild (subdepression) to severe states in the form of psychosis. Depending on the combination and (or) dominance in the clinical picture of different components of the "triad" itself and "non-triadic" manifestations, various clinical variants of depressive syndrome are distinguished. The most common options are the following.

A) Melancholic (melancholy, "classical", endogenous) depression includes a triad in the form of: a) painfully low mood in the form of melancholy; b) slowed down thinking; c) psychomotor retardation (up to depressive stupor). Oppressive, hopeless melancholy is experienced as mental pain, accompanied by painful physical sensations in the region of the heart, epigastrium ("precardiac melancholy"). The present, future and past are seen as gloomy, everything loses its meaning, relevance. There is no desire for activity. Motor (expression) disorders in melancholy depression appear as: a sad or even frozen look, suffering facial expressions ("grief mask"), a dejected pose, a frozen pose (depressive stupor), lowered arms and head, a look directed at the floor. In their appearance, these patients look very old (they are characterized by a decrease in skin turgor, which makes the skin wrinkled). Daily fluctuations in condition may be observed - it is easier in the evening than in the morning. Ideas (even delusional) of self-abasement, guilt, sinfulness, hypochondria are characteristic. Suicidal thoughts and tendencies may arise, which indicate the extreme severity of depression. Sleep disorders are manifested by insomnia, shallow sleep with frequent awakenings in the first half of the night, and a disturbance in the sense of sleep. Melancholic depression includes various somatoneurological disorders, the main manifestation of which (especially in the acute period) is the so-called Protopopov triad (see above). Also, there may be: heart rhythm disturbances, pronounced weight loss (up to 15-20 kg in a short period), algia, in women - menstrual irregularities, often amenorrhea. Suppression of the sphere of attraction is expressed: lack of appetite and (or) taste for food, suppression of sexual function, decreased instinct for self-preservation (suicidal tendencies). Sometimes stupor is suddenly replaced by an attack of excitement - an explosion of melancholy (melancholic raptus). In this state, patients can bang their heads against the wall, tear out their eyes, scratch their faces, jump out of the window, etc. Melancholic syndrome is characteristic of the clinical picture of manic-depressive psychosis, affective attacks in schizophrenia. B) Anxious depression is characterized by a depressive triad, with anxiety and motor restlessness, up to motor excitation (agitated depression). Ideatory disorders with anxiety are characterized by: accelerated rate of thinking, with instability of attention, constant doubts, intermittent, sometimes slurred speech (up to verbigerations), disordered, chaotic thoughts. Patients express ideas of self-accusation, repent of "wrong" actions of the past, rush about, groan. Experiences are, to a greater extent, focused on the future, which seems terrible, dangerous, painful. With anxious depression, the look is restless, darting, with a shade of tension, facial expressions are changeable, a tense sitting posture, with swaying, fidgeting with fingers, with pronounced anxiety - restlessness. At the height of anxious and agitated depressions, the risk of suicide attempts is especially high. Agitated and anxious depressions do not have nosological specificity, but it should be noted that they are more common in elderly patients.

C) In apathetic depression, the absence or decrease of the level of motivation, interest in the environment (in severe cases, in life in general), emotional response to events, indifference, decreased vitality or anergy (anergic depression), insufficiency of volitional impulses with the inability to overcome oneself, make an effort on oneself, make a certain decision (abulic variant) come to the fore. In such patients, mental inertia, "spiritual weakness", "life by inertia" dominate in the state. Ideational disorders in apathetic are characterized by: impoverishment of associations, a decrease in their brightness and sensory coloring, a violation of the ability to fix and arbitrary focus of attention and thinking. Ideas of insignificance or guilt are not often observed, a feeling of self-pity and envy of others dominates. Expression in apathetic depression: an indifferent, calm, sedentary look. drowsy, slowed facial muscle movement, boredom, indifference, apathy, sluggish, relaxed, slow movements. Somatovegetative symptoms are weakly expressed. Suicidal tendencies are rare. Some of these patients also have psychomotor retardation with slow movements, speech production, they stop taking care of themselves, lie in bed, sometimes complete immobility (stupor). Such depressions are called adynamic (inhibited) depression.

D) Asthenodepressive syndrome - is characterized by shallow symptoms of the depressive triad and pronounced asthenic disorders in the form of increased fatigue and exhaustion, irritable weakness, hyperesthesia. Asthenodepressive syndromes occur in a very wide range of non-psychotic diseases.

D) In ​​depressive-hypochondriacal syndrome, the triad of depressive symptoms is not clearly expressed, somatic symptoms of depression are more present. In addition, patients express convictions that they suffer from a severe, incurable somatic disease, in connection with which they actively visit and undergo examinations in medical institutions. Depressive-hypochondriacal syndromes occur in a wide range of diseases.

E) Depressive-paranoid syndrome - depressive symptoms can have varying degrees of severity, up to deep inhibition, but at the same time patients experience anxiety, formulate delusional ideas of persecution, poisoning, which have a tendency to systematize. This syndrome does not have nosological specificity.

G) Cotard's syndrome (melancholic paraphrenia) is a complex depressive syndrome, including depressive experiences and hypochondriacal ideas, having the character of enormity and denial. Patients consider themselves great sinners, they have no excuse on Earth, all of humanity suffers because of them, etc. In Cotard's nihilistic delirium, patients express hypochondriacal delirium - all their insides and bones are rotting, nothing is left of them, they are infected with a "terrible" disease and can infect the whole world, etc. Cotard's syndrome is rare, mainly in the clinic of schizophrenia, involutional melancholy.

Z) Depressive-depersonalization syndrome ("mournful insensitivity") is a variant of depressive syndrome, in the clinical picture of which the leading place is occupied by depressive depersonalization (see above).

K) The main place in the picture of the so-called atypical ("masked", "larval", "vegetative", "somatized", hidden) depressions is occupied by somatopsychic, somatovegetative disorders or other psychopathological "masks". In these types of depression, the actual low mood is present in a latent form or is absent altogether (then they speak of "depression without depression"). The most significant manifestations are those in the form of somatic "masks". These conditions are most often observed in the outpatient practice of doctors of other specialties with the presentation of only somatic complaints (up to 60-80% of depressive patients do not come to the attention of psychiatrists because of this). According to various authors, such depressions account for about 10-30% of all chronic patients in general medical practice. Whether these conditions belong to depression can be judged by: a) the phasic nature of the course, seasonal, spring-autumn resumption; b) daily fluctuations in symptoms; c) hereditary burden of affective disorders; d) the presence of affective (manic and depressive) phases in the anamnesis; d) the absence of organic causes of suffering confirmed by an objective examination ("negative" diagnosis); e) long-term observation by doctors of another specialty with the absence of a therapeutic effect from long-term treatment with somatotropic drugs; and g) a positive therapeutic effect from the use of antidepressants. More often encountered in practice are depressions with disorders of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, often qualified by therapists, for example, as VSD or NCD. Less common are “masks” of gastrointestinal pathology in the form of various dyspeptic symptoms and abdominal pain. Also

2. Manic syndrome. Manic syndrome is represented by the following triad of symptoms: a) morbidly elevated mood (hyperthymia); b) morbidly accelerated thinking; c) psychomotor agitation. Patients are optimistic about the present and the future, feel unusually cheerful, have a surge of strength, do not get tired, strive for activity, almost do not sleep, but due to the extreme variability of cognitive processes with pronounced distractibility of attention, the activity is chaotic and unproductive. Increased activity can reach chaotic excitement (confused mania). The appearance of patients with mania: lively facial expressions, hyperemic face, rapid movements, restlessness, look younger than their years. Patients are characterized by an overestimation of their own personality, their abilities, up to the formation of delusional ideas of grandeur. Revitalization of the sphere of drives and impulses - increased appetite (eat greedily, swallow quickly, chew food poorly), sexual desire (easily engage in promiscuous sexual relations, easily make unfounded promises, get married).

Depending on the severity of certain components, several clinical variants of mania are distinguished.

Hypomania is a weakly expressed mania. In this state, patients give the impression of cheerful, sociable, businesslike, although somewhat scattered in their activities people.

Angry mania - irritability, pickiness, anger, a tendency to aggression are added to the triad of manic symptoms.

Inhibited and unproductive mania - are distinguished by the absence of one of the main signs of manic syndrome, in the first case - motor activity, in the second - accelerated thinking.

Manic syndrome occurs in manic-depressive psychosis, affective attacks in schizophrenia, and other psychoses

Affective pathology in somatic diseases and their role in therapeutic practice.

Depressive and astheno-depressive syndromes are the most common pathological conditions in various somatic diseases. Somatic signs of depression can be mistakenly considered as symptoms of a somatic disease.

In depressive-hypochondriacal syndromes, the complaints of patients, even in the presence of a somatic disease, always do not correspond to the data of an objective examination.

Depressive syndromes are dangerous due to suicidal tendencies that can be dissimulated by patients, which requires treatment of these patients under conditions of continuous observation.

Since emotional disorders worsen the course of a somatic disease and determine inadequate attitudes, they must be promptly stopped by appropriate psychiatric treatment methods.

Depressive patients with motor inhibition and ideas of self-blame may not provide anamnestic information, be inactive in treating their illness, and refuse to take medications and food. Patients with severe depressive disorders must be examined by a psychiatrist.

Patients with dysphoria and explosiveness require special attention, since any negative remark can cause an explosion of affect with severe aggression. The latter is of particular importance in the work of a dentist, since these patients (epilepsy, consequences of traumatic brain injury) seek specialized help due to cosmetic and functional defects.

Manic patients may underestimate the severity of their somatic illness, fail to follow doctor's orders, and violate hospital regimen.

Emotional disorders can be caused by both a reaction to the disease and common pathogenetic mechanisms with the underlying disease. In both cases, emotional disorders complicate the course of a somatic disease, coloring it with additional, subjectively difficult to experience, symptoms and prolonging its course.

Therefore, timely recognition and correction of emotional disorders is of great importance both in the treatment and in the prevention of exacerbations in a number of somatic pathologies.

test questions

  1. Describe the main properties of emotions.

    How are emotional disorders classified?

    What is the general characteristic of depressive syndrome?

    What types of depressive syndrome do you know?

    What are the features of "masked", "somatized" depressions?

    What are the differential diagnostic criteria of "somatized" depressions and somatic pathology?

    What is the special danger of depressive states?

    1. What is "sensory tone of sensation"?

    2. Tell about the relationship between the concepts of "emotion" and "feelings".

    3. Reveal the main characteristics of emotions.

    4. Name the main types of emotions.

    5. What is the ambivalence of emotions?

    6. Describe the highest human feelings.

    7. How was the problem of emotions considered in the 17th-19th centuries?

    8. Reveal the essence of the James-Lange theory of emotions and the theory of emotions by W. Cannon.

    9. Reveal the essence of the theory of cognitive dissonance by L. Festinger.

    10. Tell about the information concept of emotions by P. V. Simonov.

    11. What do you know about the physiological basis of emotions and the role of the second signaling system in the formation of emotions?

    12. Name the factors that determine the formation of positive and negative emotions?

    13. What are the features of the manifestation of emotions in early childhood?

    14. What is the role of adults in the formation of emotions and emotional states in children?

    15. Reveal the role of emotions in the regulation of behavior.

    16. Tell about the main functions of emotions: reflective, incentive, reinforcing, switching, adaptive, communicative.

    17. What are the differences in the emotional manifestations of people?

Продолжение:


Часть 1 16. Mental processes . Emotions
Часть 2 test questions - 16. Mental processes . Emotions

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General psychology

Terms: General psychology