Lecture
Professionally applied physical training (PAPT) is a
multifaceted process that plays an important role in the system of
training future specialists and represents a
specialized form of physical education, carried out in
accordance with the requirements and characteristics of a specific profession.
The primary purpose of PAPT is the directed development and maintenance
at an optimal level of those mental and physical qualities of a person that
are required by a specific professional
activity; the development of the organism's functional resistance to the
conditions of that activity, and the formation of applied motor
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skills and abilities, primarily necessitated by the special
working conditions.
The goal of PAPT is psychophysical readiness for successful
professional activity .
The tasks of PAPT for students are to ensure
an active adaptation of the person to their chosen type of work activity.
Therefore, its tasks are specific in orientation:
- the formation and improvement of applied knowledge, skills, and
abilities;
- the development of applied physical qualities that meet the requirements
of the future profession;
- the development of special applied qualities and psychological
qualities and personality traits required in work activity.
The tasks listed above must, in each individual case, be
made specific in relation to the particular profession and the personal
characteristics of the future specialists.
In addressing the specific tasks of professionally applied
physical training of future specialists, it should always be kept in mind that
such training is carried out in close connection with general physical
training (GPT), which forms the basis of the practical section
of the academic discipline «Physical Culture and Sport» at a higher education institution .
The factors determining the content of PAPT are objective
in nature and closely interrelated. A complete picture of
the content of PAPT is possible only through the analysis and consideration of their
totality. The main factors determining the specific content of
PAPT:
- the forms (types) of work of specialists in a given field;
- the conditions and nature of the work;
- the work and rest schedule;
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- the characteristics of the dynamics of specialists' working capacity during
work, and the specifics of their professional fatigue and morbidity.
The content of PAPT is determined based on the results of research into
the characteristic features of a given profession. The main methods
of studying professional activity are:
- timing (chronometry) - a method studying the time characteristics of work
operations;
- chronocyclography - a method studying the nature of work movements;
- professiography - a psychophysiological description of the profession.
Professiography is the most complex form of analysis of
professional activity, in the course of which the following are studied: general
data on the specialty under study, the layout of the workplace,
the hygienic working conditions, the main work operations, the load on the
analyzers (sensory systems), the ratio of intellectual and physical labor, etc.
A professiogram helps to fill the content of PAPT for a specific profession with appropriate
material (to refine the task, select the means and methods
of physical culture, and the forms of their application). Below is
a shortened version of a professiogram:
1. General information about the profession. This section describes the field
of activity and type of work (operating automated equipment in technical systems,
managing social entities, leading teams, education, and
service to people); the predominant types of activity (repair,
control, observation, etc.); the means of labor (portable instruments,
computers, etc.); the forms of work organization (individual or
collective work, executive or supervisory).
2. Working conditions. This describes the microclimatic conditions
of work (indoors, outdoors, underground, lighting,
dustiness, presence of noise, etc.); the rhythm and schedule of work (single-shift
or multi-shift work, whether working and resting hours are strictly regulated or
not regulated); the main types of unfavorable working conditions
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(low or high temperature, exposure to radiation, gas contamination,
etc.).
3. Psychophysiological characteristics of the activity. This section
gives a description of the information received during work (auditory,
visual, etc.); the mental processes involved in the reception, storage,
and processing of information (visual sensations, perception of time,
auditory representations, operational thinking, motor memory, and
others); the characteristics of decision-making based on the information received
(the complexity of the task being solved, the normal or extreme nature of the
situations in which the task is solved, etc.); motor actions (the degree of
their significance in work operations, their stability or variability,
the body parts involved in them, etc.); loads on individual organs and
physiological systems, the predominant degree of emotional
strain, the dynamics of working capacity and fatigue, difficulties in
the work (the presence of extreme situations, physical and mental
overstrain, etc.).
4. Mental qualities of the personality that are of significant importance
for successful performance. Here, based on data obtained in
the previous sections, the qualities that are professionally important for the worker
are named. The significance of the qualities is assessed on a five-point scale: from very
great - 5, to of no significance - 1, both physical and mental;
restrictions on admission to performing specific
production operations for health reasons are indicated: specific
organs and systems of the body are named, for whose reliable functioning
the profession places increased demands.
5. Integral assessment of the role of the human factor in
professional activity and of the profession's influence on the individual. In this
section, the weight of the individual's role in the given profession and the influence of the
profession on the person are assessed. Depending on the level of the individual's special
psychophysical preparedness, a quantitative assessment is made
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of the success with which they perform their production tasks, the incidence of accidents,
injuries, and days of incapacity for work due to illness (in percentages); it is established
to what degree the work affects the worker's state of health
and improves certain psychophysical qualities.
6. Relevance and content of PAPT. Here, the degree of
necessity for PAPT is stated (minor, desirable, necessary, extremely
necessary), specific tasks for PAPT are set, and the means and
methods of physical culture are chosen.
After obtaining this data, the weakest links of the
work process are analyzed and the causes giving rise to them are identified
(deficiencies in the organization of work, poor development of certain
psychophysiological qualities and applied skills of the person, etc.).
The means of PAPT are physical exercises
that correspond to the characteristics of a specific professional activity
and have significant advantages compared with work
movements, which can be grouped into the following categories:
- applied physical exercises and individual elements
of various sports;
- applied sports (their integral application);
- health-promoting natural forces and hygienic factors;
- auxiliary means ensuring the quality of the educational
process for the PAPT section [Error! Reference source not found.].
The selection of means and methods of PAPT is practically unlimited, which
allows optimal loads to be applied, dosed with consideration of
the individual characteristics of those training, and greater
training effect to be achieved. The means of professionally applied
physical training are distributed according to their orientation:
- development of professionally important physical abilities;
- cultivation of willpower and other mental qualities;
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- the formation and improvement of professionally applied
skills and abilities;
- increasing the organism's resistance to unfavorable
environmental influences.
In the practice of PAPT, exercises of
professionally applied gymnastics are widely used (exercises without implements and with
implements, on the gymnastic wall, bench, ladder, ropes, poles,
beam, etc.). Means from mass sports are used, such as track and
field athletics, skiing, swimming, sports games, tourism, and others;
special exercises using modern equipment on
various exercise machines and training devices, specialized
obstacle courses, etc.
The use of physical culture resources in the process of preparing
a person for work has its own history, which reflects certain stages in the
development of PAPT. As far back as the end of the 19th century, the Russian
physiologist P.F. Lesgaft noted the necessity of using physical education in
vocational schools. At approximately the same time, in the USA a
system of work organization and production management was developing. Its basis
was formed by the achievements of the advanced science and technology of that time,
oriented, primarily, toward achieving maximum profit
by improving and expanding the functional capabilities of
humans.
In the USSR, the beginning of the formation of PAPT as a specialized
direction and form of physical education dates back to the 1930s. This
stage of history was characterized by the active development of state and
social measures for introducing physical culture into the system of
labor rationalization and the training of professional personnel.
At present, the state of PAPT shows that
society cannot remain indifferent to this aspect of
physical culture under conditions of socioeconomic and political
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change. At the current stage, PAPT is regarded as an important link in the
system of higher professional education and is an integral
part of the mandatory course in the academic discipline «Physical Culture and
Sport». Within the framework of the educational process, by raising
students' psychophysical preparedness for a specific profession,
conditions are created for shortening the period of their professional
adaptation, increasing professional skill, and achieving high
professional working capacity and labor productivity.
Forms of PAPT classes. The organization of PAPT for students in higher
education institutions involves the use of specialized
training during both class time and free time. Forms of PAPT in free time:
- sectional classes at the university in applied sports under
the guidance of a teacher-coach;
- self-organized classes in applied sports in various
sports groups outside the university;
- independent classes of students (training sessions on
assignment from the instructor).
One of the forms of PAPT – mass sports-applied competitions
and physical-culture and health-improvement events, for example, intra-university
competitions between study groups, courses, and faculties in
various sports.
Self-check questions:
1. Give the definitions of the concepts of PAPT, its goals, tasks, and means.
2. Determine the place of PAPT in the system of physical education
of students.
3. Name the factors determining the specific content of PAPT,
and describe the methodology for selecting the means of PAPT.
4. List the forms of PAPT classes
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