Lecture
General physical preparation (GPP) is the process of
the purposeful development of physical qualities or physical
abilities, which have diverse forms of manifestation in
various types of motor activity. It is aimed at
the comprehensive and harmonious physical development of a person and is of special
importance at the initial stages of training and for professionally applied preparation.
The main tasks of GPP are: increasing the functional
capacities of the body and overall work capacity, correcting
body build, and developing the basic physical qualities to the required level
.
The process of improving physical qualities, aimed at
the person's comprehensive physical perfection, can be carried out
during any type of physical exercise session.
In the system of physical education, five basic
physical qualities are distinguished:
1. strength (absolute and relative);
2. speed (simple and complex motor reactions);
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3. endurance (general and special);
4. agility (coordination abilities);
5. flexibility (dynamic, static, active, and passive).
Strength (or strength abilities) in physical education
refers to a person's ability to overcome external resistance or
counteract it through muscular effort. A distinction is made between
absolute and relative strength. Absolute strength is the total force of all
muscle groups involved in a given movement. Relative strength is
the value of absolute strength per 1 kg of a person's body mass. Strength
is measured using dynamometers. Strength is developed through
resistance exercises: using one's own body weight (straightening the arms in a support position,
pull-ups on a bar, etc.) or using equipment (a barbell,
kettlebells, elastic resistance bands, etc.).
Speed is understood as the complex of functional properties
of a person that directly and predominantly determine the speed
characteristics of movements, as well as of motor reaction. Meanwhile,
speed should not be confused with speed of movement. A speed skater's
speed is 400-500 m greater than a sprinter's, yet the latter
has a higher frequency (quickness) of movements. Instead of the term «speed» it is better
to use the concept of «speed abilities». When assessing speed
a distinction is made between: the latent time of a motor reaction, the speed of a single
movement, and the frequency of movements. These manifestations of speed are practically
autonomous and independent of one another. A significant role here is played by
the hereditary factor. Simple and complex motor
reactions are distinguished. A simple reaction is a response with a specific movement to a
signal that is known in advance but appears suddenly (for example, the shot of a
starting pistol). A complex reaction can vary, but most often
it is a reaction to an object moving at high speed. For this
exercises are used with a gradually increasing speed of the object,
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with its sudden appearance in various places, with a reduction in the observation
distance, and so on.
Endurance, as a physical quality, is related to fatigue and has
several definitions, so in the most general sense it can
be defined as the ability to withstand fatigue.
Endurance is the ability of the human body to withstand
fatigue and the effects of various environmental factors during
prolonged performance of a specific activity without a decrease in its
effectiveness and while maintaining optimal physical and mental
work capacity [18].
Endurance is the ability to withstand fatigue and to maintain
the required level of intensive work for a set time, or to perform
the required amount of work in a shorter time.
There are various types of endurance: general, special,
strength, speed, static, aerobic, anaerobic, and psychological.
General endurance is an athlete's ability to perform work
effectively and for a prolonged time, involving a significant
portion of the muscle groups. Special endurance is the ability to
perform effectively and overcome fatigue under conditions
determined by the demands of competitive activity in a
specific sport. Strength endurance is a type
of special endurance, the human body's ability to
perform, for a prolonged time, exercises requiring a significant
display of strength. Speed endurance is a type of special
endurance, the human body's ability to perform
speed exercises for a prolonged time. Static endurance is
a type of special endurance, the human body's ability
to maintain a posture for a prolonged time or sustain prolonged static
tension. Aerobic endurance is a component of general and special
endurance, the human body's ability to perform physical
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work using aerobic energy sources, i.e. using
oxygen. Anaerobic endurance is the human body's ability
to perform physical work using anaerobic energy sources, i.e. under
conditions of oxygen deficiency. Psychological endurance is the ability
of a person, under conditions of heavy physical loads and physical fatigue,
to maintain the required level of mental processes affecting
the effectiveness of athletic activity [18].
Agility, or coordination abilities, is the ability
to solve motor tasks quickly, precisely, appropriately, economically, and resourcefully, i.e. in the most
perfect way (especially complex tasks that arise
unexpectedly); it is expressed in the abilities to master new movements,
differentiate various characteristics of movements and control them,
and improvise in the process of motor activity.
In developing agility, one should systematically learn new and
complex movements that require an instantaneous restructuring of motor
activity (combat sports, sports and outdoor games). The development
of coordination abilities is closely related to the improvement
of specialized perceptions: the sense of time, tempo, the effort
being exerted, and the position of the body and body parts in space.
Flexibility is a morphofunctional property of the musculoskeletal
apparatus that determines the amplitude of various movements [18].
The presence of flexibility is closely related to hereditary factors, but it is also
influenced by age and regular physical exercise. High
demands on flexibility are placed by such sports as gymnastics,
diving, or trampolining, but more often this quality serves as an
auxiliary one.
A distinction is made between dynamic flexibility (manifested in movement),
static flexibility (allowing the maintenance of posture and body position), active
flexibility (manifested through one's own effort), and passive flexibility (manifested
through external forces).
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Flexibility depends on the elasticity of muscles, ligaments, and joint capsules.
This quality is affected by emotions (as fatigue increases, muscle elasticity
decreases), ambient temperature (low temperature reduces flexibility),
and time of day (highest indicators from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.). In the morning and
evening, joint mobility is reduced. As a rule, physically
strong people are less flexible due to high muscle tone, and very flexible people
are less capable of displaying speed-strength qualities.
To develop flexibility, exercises are used that stretch
the muscles, tendons, and joint ligaments with a gradually increasing amplitude
of movement. The movements can be simple, springing, swinging, with
external assistance, with or without added resistance.
In recent years, stretching has become widespread in our country -
a system of exercises aimed at improving flexibility and
increasing joint mobility. It is believed that slow and calm
performance of stretching exercises is used not only to
address various health and sports objectives, but also helps
relieve nervous-emotional tension and provides active recreation [Error!
Reference source not found.].
Special physical preparation is the process of developing
physical qualities that ensures the preferential development of those
motor abilities necessary for a specific sport
or type of work. One of the main directions
of special physical preparation is athletic training [31].
Athletic training (coaching) is the purposeful
use of knowledge, means, methods, and conditions that makes it possible
to direct the athlete's development and ensure
the necessary degree of their readiness for athletic achievements [16].
SPP (special physical preparation) is aimed at developing
all the organs and systems, all the functional capacities of the body. SPP
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should consist of exercises that are, as far as possible, similar in the amplitude of movement and
load on the cardiovascular system.
In some cases there arises a need for exercises
of a preventive nature (posture correction, strengthening of little-
used muscles that could be injured by accidental
deviations in movement technique).
At present, sport is developing in two directions: mass
sport and elite/high-performance sport. Their goals and objectives differ from
one another, though there is no clear boundary between them because of the natural
transition of some of those training from mass sport into «big-time» sport and back.
The goal of athletic training in the field of mass sport is strengthening
health, improving physical condition, and active recreation.
The goal of training in the field of elite sport is to achieve maximally
high results in competitive activity.
The means, methods, and principles of athletic training,
are the same in both mass sport and elite sport.
The structure of an athlete's preparedness includes technical, physical,
tactical, and psychological elements.
Technical preparedness should be understood as the degree
to which an athlete has mastered the technique of movements of a specific sport.
The content of technical preparedness is influenced by changes in the rules
of competition and the use of different sports equipment.
An athlete's technical preparedness depends on how well they
command the means of athletic tactics (for example, technical
techniques), their types (offensive, defensive, counter-attacking), and
forms (individual, group, team).
Physical preparedness is the functional
capacity of the body's systems. Competitive success depends on its level.
Selected tactical action options are usually practiced
in training sessions and through constant analysis of competitive
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experience. The activity of tactical actions during competitions is an
important indicator of athletic mastery.
Psychological preparedness is divided into volitional and
special mental preparedness. Volitional preparedness
is associated with qualities such as purposefulness, decisiveness, and
courage, persistence and tenacity, composure and self-control,
independence and initiative. These qualities are mainly
developed and improved in the course of regular training work and athletic competitions [13].
1. Describe the forms, means, and methods of GPP.
2. Describe the forms, means, and methods of SPP.
3. Characterize the structure and focus of a training
session.
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