Lecture
The fundamentals of sports training are a planned pedagogical
process that includes teaching the athlete sports technique, tactics, and
the development of their physical abilities.
The goals and objectives of sports training consist in preparing for
sports competitions, and are aimed at achieving the best
result, raising the level of preparedness of a given athlete under
the conditions of competitive activity.
The multifaceted content of an athlete's sports preparation
includes: theoretical, technical, physical, tactical, and
psychological components. All these aspects manifest themselves both in training and
in competitive activity, combining into a single complex
aimed at improving the athlete's sporting performance.
In the process of sports training, the following tasks are addressed:
1. mastering the technique and tactics of the chosen sports discipline;
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2. improving motor qualities and increasing
the capabilities of the body's functional systems that ensure
successful performance of the competitive exercise;
3. cultivating the necessary moral and volitional qualities;
4. ensuring the required level of special psychological
preparedness;
5. acquiring theoretical knowledge and practical experience
necessary for successful training and competitive
activity.
The comprehensive solution of the tasks of sports training is expressed
by the concepts of «training level», «preparedness», «sporting form».
Training level is a state of the organism characterized by
certain changes in its morphological and functional
properties as a result of training.
Preparedness is the morphofunctional, psychological
state of an athlete acquired as a result of preparation, which allows
the achievement of certain sporting results [18].
Sporting form is the highest degree of an athlete's training level,
corresponding to readiness to demonstrate a maximum sporting
result. It is characterized by optimal indicators of special
performance capacity, the functional state of the organism, and adaptation to
loads.
Long-term planning of a student's sports preparation
consists in ensuring the continuity of the training
process, since it links preparation into a single, multi-year system
covering classes in the discipline «Physical Culture and Sport» in
secondary school and university, as well as exercise in free time throughout
the whole period of a student's studies.
In annual training planning, two variants are used
(the standard one and one with a complex structure of the competitive period). The choice of
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variant is influenced by many factors, for example, the sport, the qualification
of the athletes, etc.
In student sport, when planning the training process,
certain difficulties always arise, for example, the peculiarities
of periods of highest academic workload, and the differently timed and differently structured
academic and work placements at different universities, faculties, and
years of study.
Current planning is concerned with optimizing the training
process and with preparation for individual competitions or a series of them. It
is intended to select such a combination of means and methods as
would provide the conditions for preparing the athlete to demonstrate
maximum capabilities at the main competitions.
Operational planning, or management of the training
process, determines the degree of physical, technical, and tactical
preparedness of the student-athlete. A wide variety of
indicators are assessed, reflecting the body's capabilities, its reactions to individual
types of physical exercise, and the duration of rest pauses between them.
It provides for control over all aspects of sports preparation.
The choice of an individual sport, or of one system
of physical exercises or another, depends above all on a person's motivation. In
most cases, young men show a strong desire to achieve, through
sport, self-affirmation, social recognition, and good
development of physical qualities. Young women, as a rule, tend to prefer the desire
to have a beautiful physique. On the whole, the motives that prompt people to engage
in sport in general, and to choose one sport in particular, can vary widely.
The main sports can be divided into the following groups:
1. sports that emphasize the development of individual physical
qualities:
- primarily developing endurance (cyclic
sports);
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- developing mainly strength and speed-strength qualities
(weightlifting, athletics throws and jumps);
- sports that promote the development of speed;
- sports that promote the development of agility and flexibility
(gymnastics, acrobatics);
2. sports with a versatile, complex effect on a person
(various combat sports, sports games, various multi-event competitions).
There are four forms of independent exercise:
- daily morning gymnastics (jogging, cross-country running, etc.);
- a daily physical-culture break;
- independent sports practice (at least 2-3 times a week);
- incidental (on-the-go) training.
The possibilities for using incidental training in everyday
life are extensive. The main thing is the pace, character, and timing of physical
actions performed. Self-training is organized in free time according to an
individual plan and is usually conducted without the direct
participation of a coach, who only helps with its planning, structuring, analysis,
and assessment.
Training sessions are built according to the generally accepted structure,
consisting of four parts:
- introductory;
- preparatory;
- main;
- concluding.
The introductory part of a session is aimed at resolving organizational
matters, creating a psychological mindset among participants, and explaining
the tasks. Its duration is from 3 to 10 minutes.
The preparatory part consists of two parts of the warm-up (general and
special).
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The general warm-up is used to warm up the body and prepare
the cardiovascular and respiratory systems for active physical work.
The special warm-up is aimed at improving neuro-coordination abilities and increasing the working capacity of all
organs and systems, and consists of specific, specially prepared
exercises. The special warm-up prepares the body for the physical
load that will be performed in the main part of the session.
The main part of the session is aimed at learning and
improving movement technique, and developing physical qualities. Up to
70% of the session's time is allotted to the main part. Learning a movement
is divided into three stages: familiarization, formation of a motor
skill, and consolidation of a motor habit. In studying a movement,
the following are used: the whole-method of learning, the part-method of learning,
and the method of teaching with the help of lead-up exercises.
At the second stage of learning, formation of the motor
skill takes place.
The third stage of learning is aimed at forming the motor
habit and improving it.
The concluding part ensures a reduction in the functional
activity of the body. Low-intensity exercises are performed for
muscle relaxation, as well as breathing exercises. An analysis is carried out
of the session and the participants' activity, and assignments are given for independent
work.
It should be said that student sport involves not only
athletes striving to achieve sporting results
of international class. Every student has their own motivation for one
or another type of motor activity.
The possibilities of various sports for strengthening health,
correcting physique and posture, increasing overall working capacity,
psychological stability, and, finally, self-affirmation, are very great. In
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this regard, health, i.e., that state of the body which ensures
the full performance of all vital functions, acts as the leading
factor that determines not only the harmonious development of a young
person but also success in mastering a profession and the fruitfulness of their future
professional activity.
It is precisely for this reason that physical culture and sport are widely used
to strengthen the health, physical development, and preparedness
of people in modern society. In fact, physical culture and sport
are necessary for the social development of young people, serving
as an important means of their all-round harmonious development.
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