3.3.3. STRUCTURAL SCHEME OF LASER PRINTER AND ITS FEATURES. DIAGNOSTICS OF LASER PRINTER FAULTS

The basis of the laser printer is electrophotographic principle of image formation. The technology is based on the principle of dry electrostatic transfer. The essence of this principle is as follows: the light source shines on the pre-charged surface of the photosensitive shaft (photodrum, photo-photo). At those places where the light has hit, the charge changes and toner is then attracted to these places. Then this toner is dragged over by electrostatics on the paper on which it enters the oven, where it is fixed, under the action of high temperature and pressure. Prints made in this way are not afraid of moisture, resistant to abrasion and fading. The quality of this image is very high.

The structure of the laser printer is shown in Figure.

Figure 76 - Block diagram of a laser printer

The main elements of the printer are:

• Power supply;
• Electronic board that contains:
  • Control microcomputer;
  • ROM;
  • Ram
• Printer node management board;
• High voltage unit;
• Main motor;
• Fastening unit (fuser);

Features of the paper transport unit

The paper placed in the tray activates the paper presence sensor PS201, which informs the ECU about the presence of paper, and the printer is ready to receive data.

Having received the data in the formatter, the ECU turns on the laser scanner and the main engine and activates the SL001 paper feed solenoid.

The paper lift plate brings the front edge of the paper to the feed roller, the feed roller makes one turn, pushing the paper forward to the feed rollers.

Brake pads that have a friction coefficient with paper are higher than between sheets of paper and allow you to feed only one sheet to the feed rollers.

The draw rollers feed the front edge of the paper to the PS402 paper registration sensor, which informs the ECU that the paper is registered and beam modulation must be started to begin the exposure process. Sensor registration allows you to accurately combine the image on the drum with a sheet of paper.

Broach rollers push the paper further to the drum and the transfer roller under it.

After the image is transferred, the paper enters the stove and its leading edge activates the output sensor PS401, informing the ECU that the paper has reached the stove. The exit rollers direct the paper to the exit tray and the rear edge of the paper deactivates the exit sensor, informing the ECU that the paper has successfully left the oven.

Conditions for issuing a paper path error The processor will issue a paper error signal in the following cases:

• the paper did not reach the registration sensor PS402 after the paper feed solenoid was activated twice within 2.8 seconds after the start of the first activation;
• The registration sensor was not deactivated by the trailing edge of the paper 4.6 seconds after the registration of the leading edge;
• output sensor PS401 did not detect the front edge of the paper 2.1 seconds after the front edge was detected;
• the exit sensor did not detect the trailing edge of the paper 1.5 seconds after the rear edge of the paper was detected by the PS402 sensor, or the exit sensor did not detect the trailing edge of the paper 10 seconds after passing the leading edge through the exit sensor;
• the exit sensor did not detect the leading edge of the paper 2.2 seconds after the trailing edge of the paper passed through the registration sensor;
• The registration and paper exit sensor detected the paper immediately after turning on the printer or in the Initial Rotation Period.

Preventing and diagnosing printer problems

To carry out maintenance work on the printer, it is necessary to disassemble it by removing the outer plastic cover. Clean the inside of the printer from dust and toner.

Wipe rubber rollers with a liquid for the prevention of rubber surfaces (for example, Platenclene from Automation Facilities), and mirrors -

liquid for the prevention of optical surfaces (Safeclens company AF or similar means from Xerox, Katun).

The inside of the printer frame can be blown out with a compressor. Plastic casing is best washed with liquid soap or special formulations like Foamclene (AF).

The main types of faults can be divided into three groups:

1. electronic circuit faults
2. faults kinematics and mechanics
3. cartridge malfunction

The faults of the electronic circuit are mainly due to the aging of the elements.

Fault diagnosis is performed in the following sequence:

1. The serviceability of the power supply is checked - the presence and compliance of the supply voltages with the specified ones.
2. The condition of the sensors and the presence of signals at their output are checked.
3. The health of the controller is checked (microcomputer)
   • presence of supply voltage;
   • passing the “Reset” signal;
   • presence of clock pulses at the input;
   • the presence and change of signals on WA and SD.

For diagnostics, you can use the display error codes on the front panel.

What the printer shows	Error description
	ROM / RAM Error : distribution and reading error from computer. Replace additionally installed printer memory, replace printer formatter.
	Fuser Error : printer fuser error. Check the contacts of the thermal node and the thermistor thermistor, replace the thermal node (see below PPS) .
	Beam Error : General printer malfunction. Turn off-turn on the printer, check the connection of the laser scanner loops, check the laser scanner, replace the DC controller.
	Print Engine Error : General print error. Disconnect the LPT interface cable (Centronix), remove the printer formatter, replace the formatter, replace the DC controller.
	Printer Laser / Scanner Error : laser scanner error. Almost always - the replacement of the laser scanner.
	Firmware Error : fatal formatter error. Replacing formatter.
	DIMM Error : additional memory installed error. Replace additionally installed memory.
	Document Scan Engine Error : document scan error through the optionally installed scanner option.
	Depending on whether the printer is equipped with an additional scanner option, the fault includes: 1) if equipped, the additionally installed scanner is defective; 2) if not equipped, there is an error in the paper output-output sensors, laser scanner blinds, cartridge photodrum contact, printer cover microswitch malfunction.

PS The indication of errors described in the “User’s Guide”, which comes with each printer, is not considered here.
PPS Printers have a common error, which is similar to a malfunction of the thermal node (fuser), but due to the fact that the laser shutter does not open.

Basic faults kinematics and mechanics

Main faults in kinematics and mechanics
These faults occur both because of normal wear and tear on moving parts of the printer, and after preventive maintenance due to the engineer's negligence during reassembly. The LJ-1100 model has a lot of thin and shaky latches, which can be easily damaged during assembly and disassembly of the device. It is worth paying attention to the paper feed unit, namely, the cam guide of the snap-in plate (Pick UP Roller Shaft), the drive mechanism of the snap-in plate, the paper exit switch, cable for connecting the scanner option, decorative paws. These places are especially prone to malfunctions after disassembly-assembly.
Details on the main faults - in table number 2:

See also

• 3.3.1 STRUCTURAL SCHEME OF MATTIC PRINTER AND ITS FEATURES. TROUBLESHOOTING AND REPAIRING THE MATRIX PRINTER
• The evolution of printing devices, printers, plotters, 3d printers
• 3.3.3. STRUCTURAL SCHEME OF LASER PRINTER AND ITS FEATURES. DIAGNOSTICS OF LASER PRINTER FAULTS
• Printer views