Lecture
The urban microclimate is the aggregate of climatic conditions forming within the urban environment under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. It differs from the climate of the surrounding area and has a direct effect on the health, comfort, and ecology of city life.
Cities create unique climatic conditions that differ from rural areas:
Elevated air temperature — the «urban heat island» effect caused by asphalt, concrete, glass, and heat emissions from transport and buildings.
Reduced humidity — artificial surfaces do not retain moisture, and precipitation is quickly removed through storm drains.
Rare fogs — dry air and high temperature hinder fog formation.
A patchy temperature field — street shading, varying building orientation, and building density create local temperature differences.
Altered wind regime — streets can strengthen or weaken wind depending on direction and building density.
| Factor | Effect on Microclimate |
|---|---|
| Artificial surfaces | Increase heat release, reduce evaporation |
| Transport and industry | Release heat and pollute the air |
| Architecture and density | Create shading, alter wind flows |
| Greenery and water bodies | Moderate temperature, raise humidity |
| Ventilation corridors | Provide air exchange and removal of pollutants |
This is a phenomenon in which the air temperature in the city center is significantly higher than in the suburbs:
The difference can reach 10–15°C in winter in major Siberian cities.
In southern cities this leads to overheating and the need for air conditioning.
The less greenery and water bodies there are, the stronger the effect.
Air pollution: poor ventilation promotes the accumulation of harmful substances.
Heat stress: especially dangerous for the elderly and children.
Decline in quality of life: discomfort, the need for air conditioning, increased energy consumption.
Changes in biodiversity: urban conditions affect flora and fauna.
Planting greenery on streets, roofs, and courtyards.
Creating water bodies and fountains.
Rational urban planning: taking into account wind corridors and solar exposure.
Using light-colored and «breathable» materials in construction.
Development of eco-friendly transport.
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