Exogenous - Iatrogenesis, Glossary of Terms - Psychophysiology

Lecture

Exogenous - of external origin, caused by external factors.
Exogenous component of the EP - related to the activity of the brain's sensory systems; reflects an objective assessment of external influence.
Exoderm - the outer layer of body cells that performs a protective function.
Exocrine glands - glands with external secretion, that is, glands that release the substances (secretions) they produce onto the surface of the body or into various body cavities; most exocrine glands (sebaceous, mammary, salivary) have excretory ducts.
Gene expression - protein synthesis through the reading of information from a gene in the form of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule and its translation into a protein molecule.
Extensive - relating to quantitative (rather than qualitative) change, increase, or development.
Extero(re)ceptors - specialized receptors that perceive external stimuli; located on the surface of the body, including the mucous membrane of the nose, the oral cavity, and the surface of the tongue.
Exteroception - the perception by the CNS of stimuli acting on the organism from the external environment. It is carried out by means of exteroceptors.
Extirpation - a surgical intervention consisting of the removal of some structural formation of the nervous system.
Extraction - the act of extracting, pulling out, or removing.
Extrapyramidal system - a set of brain structures involved in providing movement, muscle tone, and posture; includes the premotor cortical area, the striatum, the substantia nigra, the red nucleus, the reticular formation of the brainstem, the vestibular nuclei, the cerebellum, and a number of other structures. The extrapyramidal system is evolutionarily older than the pyramidal system; it plays a special role in organizing and controlling movements that do not require the activation of attention.
Extrapolation - the extension of conclusions drawn from observing one part of a phenomenon to another part of it; in ethology, the ability of animals to extrapolate the movement of objects in the external environment is regarded as a manifestation of elementary rational activity.
Ectoderm - the outer layer of cells of the developing embryo, from which the skin, sense organs, and nervous system subsequently form.
Elective - selective.
Electrogastrography - a method for studying the function of the stomach by recording its electrical potentials.
Electrogastrogram - a curve reflecting changes over time in the electrical activity of the smooth muscles of the stomach.
Electrode - a sensor (device) by means of which the bioelectric activity of a tissue or organ is recorded.
Implanted electrodes - extremely thin needles inserted for a prolonged period into specific areas of the brain; through them, areas of the brain are stimulated with electric current, and neuronal activity is also recorded.
Electrocardiogram - a curve reflecting the bioelectric activity of the heart.
Electrocorticography - a method for the functional study of the cerebral cortex, consisting of recording biopotentials using electrodes placed directly on the surface of the cortex; used in neurosurgical operations or in experiments on animals.
Electromyogram - a recording of the electrical activity of muscles.
Electromyography - the recording of the electrical potentials of skeletal muscles, used as a method for studying the functions of the motor apparatus (muscles, nerves, spinal cord) of humans and animals.
Electrooculogram - a recording of the electrical activity of the extraocular muscles of the eyeball.
Electrooculography - a method for recording eye movements, based on the graphic recording of changes in the electrical potential of the retina and eye muscles.
Electroretinogram - a recording of the bioelectric activity of the retina of the eye.
Electroretinography - a method for studying the bioelectric potentials of the retina arising in response to light stimulation of the eye.
Electrostimulation - a method for restoring reduced function of muscles, nerve trunks, or internal organs by stimulating these organs with electric current.
Electroencephalogram - a recording of the bioelectric activity of the brain; may be carried out at one or several sites on the scalp.
Electroencephalography - a method for studying the summed bioelectric activity of the brain, recorded from the surface of the scalp; allows for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the functional state of the brain.
Elimination - exclusion, removal, elimination.
Embryogenesis - the process of embryonic development of organisms.
Embryo - an organism at the early stages of development - from conception to birth.
Embryonic period - the second period of prenatal development, lasting from the end of the 2nd week to the end of the 2nd month (counting from conception). All the main structures and organs of the individual are formed during this period.
Emergent - a non-additive trait inherent in the system as a whole.
Emotional lability - rapid changes of mood for a minor reason.
Emotion - a special class of mental processes and states that reflect, in the form of direct subjective experiences (joy, anger, fear), the significance of phenomena and situations affecting the individual.
Empirical - based on experience.
Engram - a trace left in the brain by some event (in particular, during learning).
Endemic - local, characteristic of a given locality.
End(t)o... - the first component of compound words, corresponding in meaning to the word "internal", for example: endogenous, endoderm, entoderm.
Endogenous - of internal origin, caused by internal factors.
Endogenous component of the EP - related to the activity of the brain's modulating systems and reflecting a subjective assessment of external influence.
Endocrine glands - glands of internal secretion, that is, glands without excretory ducts that release the secretions (hormones) they produce directly into the blood and lymph. The endocrine glands include the pituitary and pineal glands, the thyroid and parathyroid glands, the thymus (or thymus gland), the adrenal glands, as well as the endocrine portions of the pancreas and the gonads.
Endorphins - neuromodulators that ease physical pain. Endorphins play a significant role in relieving stress.
Enigmatic - mysterious, incomprehensible.
Enkephalins - substances produced by the brain to reduce pain; three types of receptors that are activated by enkephalins have been identified in the brain.
Endoderm - the inner layer of the embryo of multicellular animals and humans at the early stages of its development (the inner germ layer); the intestinal tract and its associated glands develop from the endoderm.
Encephalography - a method of X-ray examination of the brain.
Ependyma - a thin membrane lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
Epi... - the first component of compound words denoting a location on top of or near something (e.g., epidermis, epithelium), or following something (e.g., epigenesis).
Epigenesis - the concept of embryonic development of an organism as a process carried out through successive transformations.
Epigenetic - formed as a result of some subsequent (secondary) processes.
Epiphenomenalism - a doctrine that regards the psyche and consciousness as a phenomenon accompanying physiological processes, a kind of superstructure over them.
Epiphysis - 1) the upper cerebral appendage, or pineal gland; belongs to the endocrine glands; 2) the cartilaginous growth center at the end of each bone.
Ergasia - a concept denoting the coordinated and purposeful activity of all somatic and mental functions in the norm.
Ergography - a method for the graphic recording of human muscle work.
Esthesiometer - an instrument for measuring sensitivity thresholds.
Estrogens - substances that have the action of female sex hormones and are close to them in chemical composition.
Etiology - a branch of medicine that studies the causes and conditions of the occurrence of diseases.
Ethology - the science of animal behavior, dealing with the analysis of genetically determined components of behavior and problems of its evolution.
Effector - specialized organs or tissues that respond to impulses arriving from the higher divisions of the CNS and, under the action of these impulses, perform their functions.
Efferent link of the reflex - the final part of the reflex arc, providing for the conduction of excitation from the CNS to the executive organ (muscle or gland).
Efferent fibers - nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles and internal organs.
Efferent pathways - nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the higher divisions of the brain to the muscles and internal organs.
Efferent synthesis - a stage of the functional system occurring after the decision-making stage and ending in action; represents the result of the integration of excitation of the CNS and peripheral organs, and consists of a program of action and controlling efferent excitation transmitted to the executive organs (muscles, glands).
Juvenile - not yet sexually mature.
Iatrogenesis - an illness arising as a reaction to words or behavior of a doctor that were misinterpreted by the patient, to medical literature that was read, or to reports from acquaintances or the mass media.